1、Designation: D 1777 96 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Test Method forThickness of Textile Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1777; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thick-ness of most textile materials.1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics incl
3、udingwoven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knittedfabrics, layered fabrics, and pile fabrics. The fabrics may beuntreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwisetreated. Instructions are provided for testing thickness, exceptas provided for in another standard such as
4、 listed in Section 2.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values stated in inch-pound may be approximate.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard
5、to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Test
6、ing of a Textile TestMethod that Produces Normally Distributed DataD 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias forTextiles2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:TEX-PAC33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of other textile terms usedin this test method, see Terminology D 123.3.2 Definitions of Terms Spe
7、cific to This Standard:3.2.1 cross-machine direction, CD, nthe direction in theplane of the fabric perpendicular to the direction of manufac-ture.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThis term is used to refer to the direc-tion analogous to coursewise or filling direction in knitted orwoven fabrics, respectively.3.2.2
8、 machine direction, MD, nthe direction in the planeof the fabric parallel to the direction of manufacture.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThis term is used to refer to the direc-tion analogous to walewise or warp direction in knitted orwoven fabrics, respectively.3.2.3 pressure, nthe force exerted to a surface pe
9、r unitarea.3.2.3.1 DiscussionPressure may be expressed in any ap-propriate or specified units, such as pascals (Pa), newtons persquare metre (N/m2), or pounds-force per square inch (psi).3.2.4 thickness, nthe distance between one surface of amaterial and its opposite.3.2.4.1 DiscussionIn textiles, t
10、hickness is the distancebetween the upper and lower surfaces of the material asmeasured under a specified pressure. It is usually determined asthe distance between an anvil or base and a presser foot usedto apply the specified pressure.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A specimen is placed on the base of
11、 a thickness gaugeand a weighted presser foot lowered. The displacement be-tween the base and the presser foot is measured as the thicknessof the specimen.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-tance testing of commercial shipments since current estimatesof
12、between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and this testmethod is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,General.Current edition
13、 approved Jan. 1, 2007. Published January 2007. Originallyapproved in 1960. Discontinued in November 1995 and reinstated as D 1777 96.Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 1777 96(2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at ser
14、viceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3A PC program on floppy disk for analyzing Committee D-13 interlaboratorydata are available from ASTM Headquarters. For a 312-in. disk, request PCN:12-429040-18. For a 5
15、14-in. disk, request PCN:12-429041-18.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method for acceptancetesting of commercial shipmen
16、ts, the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of testspecimens that are as ho
17、mogeneous as possible and that arefrom a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimensthen should be randomly assigned in equal numbers to eachlaboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using the appropriate statis-tical analysis and an acceptab
18、le probability level chosen by thetwo parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either itscause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid-eration to the known bias.5.2 Thickness is one of the basic physical proper
19、ties oftextile materials. In certain industrial applications, the thick-ness may require rigid control within specified limits. Bulk andwarmth properties of textile materials are often estimated fromtheir thickness values, and thickness is also useful in measuringsome performance characteristics, su
20、ch as before and afterabrasion and shrinkage.5.3 The thickness value of most textile materials will varyconsiderably depending on the pressure applied to the speci-men at the time the thickness measurement is taken. In allcases, the apparent thickness varies inversely with the pressureapplied. For t
21、his reason, it is essential that the pressure bespecified when discussing or listing any thickness value.5.4 When using this test method for measuring the thicknessof textile materials, the primary method for the specificmaterial such as listed in the Referenced Document sectionshall take precedence
22、 over the directions described in this testmethod, unless specifically provided for in that test method.This test method is used in its entirety when no test method formeasuring thickness is available for the specific material to betested or unless otherwise specified in a material specificationor c
23、ontract order.6. Apparatus6.1 Thickness Gauge, having dimensions appropriate to thematerial to be tested as specified in Table 1, unless otherwisespecified in a material specification or contract order.Acircularpresser foot commonly is used for most materials; however, forcertain materials, such as
24、narrow tapes, a rectangular foot ismore appropriate when agreed upon between the purchaser andthe supplier.6.1.1 Automatic Microprocessor Data Gathering Systems,optional.6.1.2 Spring Force or Compression Test Apparatus, may besubstituted for the dead-weight-type thickness gauge providingthey meet th
25、e specified conditions cited in Table 1.6.2 Cutting Dies or Templates, to cut specimens havingminimum dimensions at least 20 % greater than any dimensionof the presser foot to be used in measuring the thickness(optional).7. Sampling and Test Specimens7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance test
26、ing,randomly select the number of rolls or pieces of fabric directedin an applicable material specification or other agreementbetween the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls orpieces of fabric to be the primary sampling units. In theabsence of such an agreement, take the number of fabric
27、rollsspecifed in Table 2.NOTE 1An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variabilitybetween rolls or pieces of fabric and between specimens from a swatchfrom a roll or piece of fabric to provide a sampling plan with a meaningf
28、ulproducers risk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, and limitingquality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleFor acceptance testing, take aswatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1m (1 yd) along the machine direction from each roll or piece inthe lot sample. For rolls of fabric, tak
29、e a sample that willexclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrapTABLE 1 Designated Gauges and Gauge Specifications for Measuring Thickness of TextilesTestingOptionAMaterialTypeGaugeTypeBPresser FootDiameterAnvilAnvil/FootParallelismFoot to AnvilSurface ParallelismApplied Pressure
30、 Readability1 Woven fabricsKnitted fabricsTextured fabricsdead-weight 28.7 6 0.02 mm(1.129 6 0.001 in.)38 mm D, or greater(1.629 in. D, or greater)0.01 mm(0.0005 in.)0.002 mm(0.0001 in.)4.14 6 0.21 kPa(0.60 6 0.03 psi)0.02 mm(0.001 in.)2 Coated fabricsNarrow fabricsWebbingsTapesRibbonsBraidsdead-wei
31、ght 9.5 6 0.02 mm(0.375 6 0.001 in.)38 mm D, or greater(1.629 in. D, or greater)0.01 mm(0.0005 in.)0.002 mm(0.0001 in.)23.4 6 0.7 kPa(3.46 0.1 psi)0.02 mm(0.001 in.)3 FilmsGlass clothsGlass tapesdead-weight 6.3 6 0.02 mm(0.250 6 0.001 in.)19 mm D, or greater(0.750 in. D, or greater)0.002 mm(0.0001 i
32、n.)0.002 mm(0.0001 in.)172 6 14 kPa(25 6 2 psi)0.002 mm(0.0001 in.)4 Glass fiber mat dead-weight (2.25 6 0.001 in.) (2.75 in. D, or greater) 0.01 mm(0.0005 in.)0.002 mm(0.0001 in.)18.9 6 0.7 kPa(2.75 6 0.1 psi)0.02 mm(0.001 in.)5 BlanketsPile fabricsNapped fabricsdead-weight 28.7 6 0.02 mm(1.129 6 0
33、.001 in.)38 mm D, or greater(1.629 in. D, or greater)0.01 mm(0.0005 in.)0.002 mm(0.0001 in.)0.7 6 0.07 kPa(0.1 6 0.01 psi)also 7.58 6 0.21kPa (1.1 6 0.03 psi)0.02 mm(0.001 in.)AWhen testing fabrics made with textured yarns or open-end spun yarns, primary consideration should be given to the pressure
34、 applied in Option 1, with respect to thesize of the presser foot used.BOther spring force or compression test apparatus that meet the stated specifications can be used.D 1777 96 (2007)2around the core of the roll of fabric. For finished garments, takea piece of sufficient size to provide the number
35、 of specimensrequired in 7.3.7.3 Test SpecimensFrom each laboratory sampling unit,take ten specimens. Use the cutting die or template described in6.2. It is permissible to make thickness tests of a textilematerial without cutting, providing it can be maintainedwithout distortion in a plane parallel
36、to the presser foot andanvil while making measurements.7.3.1 Cutting Test SpecimensWhen cutting specimens, cuthaving minimum dimensions at least 20 % greater than anydimension of the presser foot to be used. Label to maintainspecimen identity.7.3.1.1 Take specimens, representing a broad distribution
37、across the width and length, and preferably along the diagonal,of the laboratory sample and no nearer the edge than one tenthits width. Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases, orwrinkles. Avoid getting oil, water, grease, and so forth, on thespecimens when handling.8. Preparation of Test Appara
38、tus and Calibration8.1 Use Table 1 to select the thickness gauge designated forthe material to be tested.8.2 Verify calibration of the thickness gauge as directed inthe manufacturers instructions.8.3 When using microprocessor automatic data gatheringsystems, set the appropriate parameters as defined
39、 in themanufacturers instructions.9. Conditioning9.1 Precondition the specimens by bringing them to ap-proximate moisture equilibrium in the standard atmosphere forpreconditioning textiles as specified in Practice D 1776, unlessotherwise specified in a material specification or contract order.9.2 Af
40、ter preconditioning, bring the test specimens to mois-ture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere fortesting textiles as specified in Practice D 1776 or, if applicable,in the specified atmosphere in which the testing is to beperformed, unless otherwise specified in a material specifica-t
41、ion or contract order.10. Procedure10.1 Test the conditioned specimens in the standard atmo-sphere for testing textiles, which is 21 6 1C (70 6 2F) and65 6 2 % relative humidity, unless otherwise specified in amaterial specification or contract order.10.2 Handle the test specimens carefully to avoid
42、 alteringthe natural state of the material.10.3 Place the specimen face side up, or otherwise asspecified, on the anvil of the thickness gauge. Gradually lowerthe presser foot into contact with the specimen, taking 5 to 6 sto apply full pressure for most textiles and 3 to 4 s for glassmaterial texti
43、les.10.4 Read and record the thickness value to a readabilityshown in Table 1.10.5 Continue as directed in 10.2-10.4 until ten specimenshave been tested from each laboratory sampling unit.11. Calculation11.1 Thickness, Individual SpecimensThe thickness forindividual specimens using the readability c
44、olumn of Table 1 isread directly from the thickness gauge or data collectionsystem, unless otherwise specified in a material specification orcontract order.11.2 Thickness AverageCalculate the average thicknessfor each laboratory sampling unit and for the lot.11.3 Standard Deviation, Coeffcient of Va
45、riationCalculate when requested.11.4 Computer-Processed DataWhen data are automati-cally computer-processed, calculations generally are containedin the associated software. Record values as read from thedirect-reading scale designated in the readability column ofTable 1, unless otherwise specified.
46、In any event, it is recom-mended that computer-processed data be verified againstknown property values and its software described in the report.12. Report12.1 Report that the thickness was determined in accor-dance with Test Method D 1777. Describe the material orproduct sampled and the method of sa
47、mpling used.12.2 Report the following information for each laboratorysampling unit and for the lot as applicable to a materialspecification or contract order:TABLE 2 Number of Rolls or Pieces of Fabric in the Lot SampleNumber of Rolls or Piecesin Lot, InclusiveNumber of Rolls or Pieces in Lot Sample
48、1to3 all4to24 425 to 50 5over 50 10 % to a maximum of 10 rolls or piecesTABLE 3 Thickness of Fabrics, milsTest Options andMaterialsGrandAverageComponents of Variance ExpressedasStandard DeviationsASingle-OperatorComponentWithin-LaboratoryComponentBetween-LaboratoryComponentOption 1Mat 6, S/0002H 7.1
49、3 0.19 0.17 0.66Mat 7, S/28305 11.49 1.46 0.55 0.02Mat 9, S/Denim 38.65 0.75 0.41 1.54Option 2Mat 6, S/0002H 7.04 0.23 0.00 0.72Mat 7, S/28305 11.84 0.23 0.27 0.48Mat 9, S/Denim 38.33 0.64 0.00 1.64Option 3Mat 6, S/0002H 6.68 0.32 0.18 0.58Mat 7, S/28305 11.50 0.37 0.13 0.49Mat 9, S/Denim 36.50 0.60 0.19 2.41Option 4Mat 6, S/0002H 10.20 0.40 0.00 .Mat 7, S/28305 12.85 0.36 0.00 .Mat 9, S/Denim 43.95 1.08 0.54 .Option 5 (0.1 psi)Mat 10, Pile 178.08 8.79 0.00 3.30Mat 14, Pile 46.91 1.15 0.16 0.69Option 5 (1.1 psi)Mat 10, Pile 101.67 4.63 0.00 10.08Mat 14, P
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