1、Designation: D 1816 04Standard Test Method forDielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Oils ofPetroleum Origin Using VDE Electrodes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1816; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dielec-tric breakdown voltage of insulating o
3、ils of petroleum origin.This test method is applicable to liquid petroleum oils com-monly used in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, andsimilar apparatus as an insulating and cooling medium. Thesuitability of this test method for testing oils having viscosityof more than 19 cSt, (100SUS) at
4、 40C (104F) has not beendetermined. Refer to Terminology D 2864 for definitions usedin this test method.1.2 This test method is sensitive to the deleterious effects ofmoisture in solution especially when cellulosic fibers arepresent in the oil. It has been found to be especially useful indiagnostic
5、and laboratory investigations of the dielectric break-down strength of oil in insulating systems.21.3 This test method is used to judge if the VDE electrodebreakdown voltage requirements are met for insulating liquids.This test method should be used as recommended by profes-sional organization stand
6、ards such as IEEE C57.106.1.4 This test method may be used to obtain the dielectricbreakdown of silicone fluid as specified in Test MethodD 2225, provided that the discharge energy into the sample isless than 20 mJ (milli joule) per breakdown for five consecu-tive breakdowns.1.5 Both the metric and
7、the alternative inch-pound units areacceptable.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regu
8、latory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)D 923 Practice for Sampling Electrical Insulating LiquidsD 2225 Test Method for Silicone Fluids Used for ElectricalInsulationD 2864
9、Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liq-uids and GasesD 3487 Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used inElectrical Apparatus2.2 IEEE Standard:Standard 4 IEEE Standard Techniques for High VoltageTesting4C57.106 Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Insulat-ing Oil in Equipment43. Sig
10、nificance and Use3.1 The dielectric breakdown voltage of an insulating liquidis of importance as a measure of the liquids ability towithstand electric stress without failure. The dielectric break-down voltage serves to indicate the presence of contaminatingagents such as water, dirt, cellulosic fibe
11、rs, or conductingparticles in the liquid, one or more of which may be present insignificant concentrations when low breakdown voltages areobtained. However, a high dielectric breakdown voltage doesnot necessarily indicate the absence of all contaminants; it maymerely indicate that the concentrations
12、 of contaminants that arepresent in the liquid between the electrodes are not largeenough to deleteriously affect the average breakdown voltageof the liquid when tested by this test method (see AppendixX1.)1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 onElectrical Insulating Liqu
13、ids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D27.05 on Electrical Tests.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2004. Published March 2004. Originallyapproved in 1960 as D 1816 60 T. Last previous edition approved in 2003 asD 1816 03.2Supporting data is available from ASTM Headquarters.
14、Request RR:D27-1006.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from the Institute of Electric
15、al and Electronic Engineers, Inc., POBox 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2 This test method is used in laboratory or field tests. Forfield breakdown results to be comparable to laboratory
16、results,all criteria including room temperature (20 to 30C) must bemet.4. Electrical Apparatus4.1 In addition to this section, use IEEE Standard 4 todetermine other requirements necesary for conducting testmeasurements, and maintaining error limits using alternatingvoltages. Procedures to ensure acc
17、uracy should follow therequirements of IEEE Standard 4. Calibration(s) shall betraceable to national standards and calibration should beverified annually or more often to ensure accuracy require-ments. IEEE Standard 4 is required during the manufacturingof the test apparatus and utilized during cali
18、bration of theequipment.4.1.1 Test VoltageThe test voltage shall be an alternatingvoltage having a frequency in the range from 45 to 65 Hz,normally referred to as power-frequency voltage. The voltagewave shape should approximate a sinusoid with both halfcycles closely alike, and it should have a rat
19、io of peak-to-rmsvalues equal to the square root of 2 within 65%.4.1.2 Generation of the Test VoltageThe test voltage isgenerally supplied by a transformer or resonant circuit. Thevoltage in the test circuit should be stable enough to beunaffected by varying current flowing in the capacitive andresi
20、stive paths of the test circuit. Non-disruptive discharges inthe test circuit should not reduce the test voltage to such anextent, and for such a time, that the disruptive discharge(breakdown) voltage of the test specimen is significantlyaffected. In the case of a transformer, the short-circuit curr
21、entdelivered by the transformer should be sufficient to maintainthe test voltage within 3 % during transient current pulses ordischarges, and a short circuit current of 0.1 A may suffice.4.1.3 Disruptive Voltage MeasurementDesign the mea-surement circuit so the voltage recorded at the breakdown isth
22、e maximum voltage across the test specimen immediatelyprior to the disruptive breakdown, with an error no greater than3%.4.2 Circuit-Interrupting EquipmentDesign the circuitused to interrupt the disruptive discharge through the specimento operate when the voltage across the specimen has collapsedto
23、less than 100 V. It is recommended that the circuit designlimit the disruptive current duration and magnitude to lowvalues that will minimize damage to the electrodes and limitformation of non-soluble materials resulting from the break-down, but consistent with the requirements of 4.1.2, but in noca
24、se should the short-circuit current exceed 1 mA/kV ofapplied voltage.4.3 Votage Control EquipmentUse a rate of voltage rise of0.5 kV/s. The tolerance of the rate of rise should be 5 % for anynew equipment manufactured after the year 2000. Automaticequipment should be used to control the voltage rate
25、 of risebecause of the difficulty of maintaining a uniform voltage risemanually. The equipment should produce a straight-linevoltage-time curve over the operating range of the equipment.Calibrate and label automatic controls in terms of rate-of-rise.4.4 Measuring SystemsThe voltage shall be measured
26、 bya method that fufills the requirements of IEEE Standard No. 4,giving rms values.4.5 Connect the electrode such that the voltage measuredfrom each electrode with respect to ground during the test isequal within 5 %.4.6 AccuracyThe combined accuracy of the voltmeter andvoltage divider circuit shall
27、 be such that measurement errordoes not exceed 3 % at the rate-of-voltage rise specified in 4.3.For equipment manufactured prior to 1995 the maximumallowable error is 5 %.5. Electrodes5.1 The electrodes shall be polished brass spherically-capped electrodes of the VDE (Verband Deutscher Elektrotech-n
28、iker, Specification 0370) type having the dimensions shownin Fig. 1 61 %, mounted with axes horizontal and coincidentwithin 61 mm.6. Test Cell6.1 Construct the test cell as a cube. The test cell shall bedesigned to permit easy removal of the electrodes for cleaningand polishing, verification that th
29、e shape is within the specifiedtolerance, and to permit easy adjustment of the gap spacing.The vector sum of the resistive and capacitive current of thecup, when filled with oil meeting the requirements of Specifi-cation D 3487, shall be less than 200 A at 20 kV, at powerfrequency. A test cell havin
30、g a capacity of 0.95 L 65 %, hasbeen found to be satisfactory for an electrode spacing of 2 mm.A cell having a capacity of 0.5 L 65 % has been found to besatisfactory for an electrode spacing of 1 mm. Mount theelectrodes rigidly from opposite sides with the spacing axiallycentered within 61 mm. Clea
31、rance from the electrodes to allsides, bottom, cover or baffle, and any part of the stirringdevice is at least 12.7 mm (12 in.). Provide the test cell with aFIG. 1 VDE ElectrodeD1816042motor-driven two-bladed impeller and drive shaft, constructedof a material having high dielectric strength. The two
32、-bladedimpeller is 35 mm (138 in.) 65 % between the blade extremi-ties, having a pitch of 40 mm (1.57 in.) 65 % (blade angle oftwenty degrees (20) 6 5 %), operating at a speed between 200and 300 rpm. The impeller, located below the lower edge of theelectrodes, rotates in such a direction that the re
33、sulting liquidflow is directed downward against the bottom of the test cell.Construct the test cell of a material of high dielectric strength,that is not soluble in or attacked by any of the cleaning or testliquids used, and is nonabsorbent to moisture and the cleaningand test liquids. So that the b
34、reakdown may be observed,transparent materials are desirable, but not essential. In order topreclude stirring air with the sample, provide the cell with acover or baffle that will effectively prevent air from contactingthe circulating liquid.7. Adjustment and Care of Electrodes and Test Cell7.1 Elec
35、trode SpacingWith the electrodes firmly lockedin position, check the electrodes with a standard round gage for2 6 0.03-mm (0.079-in.) spacing. If a dielectric breakdowndoes not occur during any of the consecutive breakdown testsusing the 2 mm spacing or the sample is not adequate for the2 mm spacing
36、 test cell a 1 6 0.03-mm (0.039-in.) spacingshould be used to determine the breakdown voltage and thespacing reported. Flat “go” and “no-go” gages may be substi-tuted having thicknesses of the specified value 60.03 mm forelectrode spacing of 1 or 2 mm. If it is necessary to readjust theelectrodes, l
37、ock the electrodes and check the spacing. Forreferee tests or tests that will be used for close comparisons, thelaboratories shall agree in advance on the spacing for the testsand ensure that all other requirements of this test method aremet. The spacing agreed upon shall be measured with the gageth
38、at corresponds exactly to the selected spacing within toler-ance stated above for the gage.7.2 CleaningWipe the electrodes and cell clean with dry,lint-free tissue paper, or a clean dry chamois. It is important toavoid touching the electrodes or the cleaned gage with thefingers or with portions of t
39、he tissue paper or chamois that havebeen in contact with the hands. After adjustment of the spacing,rinse the cell with a dry hydrocarbon solvent, such as kerosineor solvents of Specification D 235. Do not use a low boilingpoint solvent, as its rapid evaporation may cool the cell,causing moisture co
40、ndensation. If this occurs, before using,warm the cell to evaporate the moisture. Avoid touching theelectrodes or the inside of the cell after cleaning. Afterthorough cleaning, flush the cell with new oil of the type to betested that is filtered through a 5-micron filter and containingless than 25 p
41、pm moisture. Conduct a voltage breakdown teston a specimen of this oil in the manner specified in this testmethod. If the breakdown voltage is in the expected range forthis conditioned oil, the cell is considered properly prepared fortesting other samples. A lower than anticipated value isconsidered
42、 as evidence of cell contamination; then repeat thecleaning and the breakdown test with clean dry oil.7.3 Daily UseAt the beginning of each days testing, theelectrodes shall be examined for pitting and carbon accumula-tion, and the spacing checked. If the test of any sample is belowthe breakdown val
43、ue being used by the operator as a minimumsatisfactory value, drain the cell and flush the cell with new oilof the type to be tested that is filtered through a 5-micron filterand containing less than 25 ppm moisture before testing thenext specimen. When not in use, keep the cell filled with oilthat
44、meets the requirements of Specification D 3487 of the typenormally tested. Alternatively, the cell may be stored empty ina dust-free cabinet. At the beginning of each days testing, cleanaccording to 7.2.7.4 Polishing of ElectrodesWhen electrodes show slightetching, scratching, pitting, or carbon acc
45、umulation, theyshould be removed from the test cup and polished by buffingwith jewelers rouge using a soft cloth or soft buffing wheel.The residue from the buffing should be removed by repeatedwiping with lint-free tissue paper saturated with a suitablesolvent, followed by solvent rinsing or ultraso
46、nic cleaning.After careful inspection, any electrodes from which pittingcannot be removed by light buffing should be discarded, asmore refinishing would destroy the electrode contour anddimensions shown in Fig. 1. Reinstall the electrodes in the testcup and adjust spacing and clean in accordance wit
47、h 7.1 and7.2.8. Sampling8.1 Obtain a sample of the oil to be tested using appropriateASTM sampling apparatus. Oil sampling procedures are de-tailed in Practice D 923. Particular reference should be made tothe general precaution statement of this test method. Thesample shall be taken in a dry, clean,
48、 non-permeable bottle.Tightly seal and shield from light until ready to be tested.Plastic bottles are permeable and moisture content of thesample may change resulting in a measurable difference whencompared to samples collected in non-permeable containers.9. Test Procedure9.1 Allow the sample and th
49、e test cup to equilibrate toambient temperature. Laboratory and referee tests shall beconducted at room temperature (20 to 30C).9.2 To ensure a homogenous sample, gently invert and swirlthe sample container several times. Rapid agitation is undesir-able, since an excessive amount of air may be introduced intothe liquid. Within 1 min after agitation, use a small portion ofthe sample to rinse the test cell. Drain the rinse. Within 30 s ofthe rinse, fill the cell slowly with the remaining portion of thesample. The cell is full when closing the cover or baffle allo
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