ASTM D187-2008 Standard Test Method for Burning Quality of Kerosine《煤油燃烧质量的标准试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: D 187 08An American National StandardStandard Test Method forBurning Quality of Kerosine1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 187; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis

2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the qualitative determ

3、ination ofthe burning properties of kerosine to be used for illuminatingpurposes. (WarningCombustible. Vapor harmful.)NOTE 1The corresponding Energy Institute (IP) test method is IP 10which features a quantitative evaluation of the wick-char-forming tenden-cies of the kerosine, whereas Test Method D

4、 187 features a qualitativeperformance evaluation of the kerosine. Both test methods subject thekerosine to somewhat more severe operating conditions than would beexperienced in typical designated applications.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measure

5、ment are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limita

6、tions prior to use. Specific warningstatements appear throughout the test method.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of LubricatingOilsD 3699 Specification for KerosineD 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4177 Practic

7、e for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products2.2 Energy Institute Standard:3IP 10 Determination of kerosine burning characteristics - 24hour method2.3 Other Document:4Formulas for Denatured Alcohol and Rum Treasury Dept.,U. S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, Publi-cation No.

8、3683. Summary of Test Method3.1 The kerosine sample is burned for 16 h in a specifiedlamp under specified conditions. The average rate of burning,the change in the shape of the flame, and the density and colorof the chimney deposit are reported.4. Significance and Use4.1 Since the information provid

9、ed by this test method islargely qualitative in nature, specific limits covering thefollowing characteristics are required in referring to this testmethod in specifications for kerosine:4.1.1 Duration of the test: 16 h is understood, if nototherwise specified;4.1.2 Permissible change in flame shape

10、and dimensionsduring the test;4.1.3 Description of the acceptable appearance of the chim-ney deposit.5. Apparatus5.1 Lamp Assembly,5conforming essentially to the shapeand dimensions shown in Fig. 1. It is essential to ensure that theburner fits vertically into the oil reservoir and that the wick-gui

11、de has parallel sides and is centrally disposed in relation tothe slot in the dome of the burner. Any distortion of thewick-guide or dome will hinder attainment of the prescribedflame shape and render subsequent qualitative ratings unreli-able.5.2 Wick,519-mm paraffin flat, super quality, containing

12、approximately 43 ends of three-ply yarn, woven double plainweave with stitching ends, one blue stripe on one face and one1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0.01 on Burner Fuels.Cur

13、rent edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originallyapproved in 1948. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 18794(2003)1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards

14、 volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop

15、: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.5The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Stanhope-Seta Limited, Park Close, Englefield Green, Egham, Surrey, EnglandTW20 OXD. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headquart

16、ers. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United

17、States.green stripe on the reverse face, woven with approximately 16picks per 10 mm, and weighing normally 15 g/m. Afterweaving, the wick shall be boiled in distilled water and driedthoroughly.5.2.1 The wick shall then be made into rolls and left forseven days before it is cut into 200-mm lengths. T

18、he lengthsshall then be packed into suitable containers. The ash of thewick shall not exceed 0.4 weight %.5.3 Sight Gage5A suitable flame-size measuring device,accurate to 1 mm. The sight gage shown in Fig. 2 issatisfactory.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Formula 3A Denatured EthanolSee Formulas forDen

19、atured Alcohol and Rum.6.2 Hydrochloric Acid, Dilute (approximately 6 N).6.3 KerosineSee Specification D 3699.6.4 Precipitation NaphthaSee Reagent section in TestMethod D91.7. Hazards7.1 Specific Safety Hazards:7.1.1 Formula 3A Denatured Ethanol(WarningFlammable. Denaturedcannot be made nontoxic.)7.

20、1.2 Hydrochloric AcidDilute 6 N.(WarningCausesburns. Vapor harmful.)7.1.3 Kerosine(WarningCombustible. Vapor harmful.)7.1.4 Precipitation Naphtha(WarningExtremely flam-mable. Harmful if inhaled. Vapors may cause flash fire.)7.2 Technical Precautions:7.2.1 Test RoomIt is desirable to dedicate a suita

21、ble roomfor the exclusive conduct of kerosine burning tests. However,kerosine burning tests can be conducted in any part of a roomthat is adequately ventilated and reasonably free of drafts.When necessary, the test lamp should be surrounded with asuitable circular shield to protect from drafts. The

22、circularshield is to be constructed of draft-proof material of about 600mm diameter and height.7.2.2 Lamp LocationPlace the test lamps at least 300 mmapart and 300 mm from any wall or other obstruction.7.2.3 Test TemperatureMaintain test room temperatureabove 15C and allow the temperature of the ker

23、osine toapproach equilibrium room temperature within at least 5C.8. Sampling8.1 The fundamental objective of sampling is to obtain asample for testing purposes that is truly representative of theentire quantity of a given bulk product tank, batch, shipment,and so forth, at the time and place of samp

24、ling.8.2 Thus, the sampling procedures employed are to ensureinitial procurement of a representative sample and also pre-clude subsequent contamination or deterioration of the sampleduring handling prior to testing. To this end, kerosine samplesfor burning quality testing are to be obtained and hand

25、led inNOTEAll dimensions shown are in millimetres. Except where other-wise indicated, the tolerance for chimney dimensions is 61 mm.FIG. 1 Test LampFIG. 2 Sight GageD187082strict accordance with Practices D 4057 and D 4177. Rigorouscompliance with stipulated provisions for precautions, care,and clea

26、nliness during sample handling is an essential require-ment.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Drain the lamp reservoir completely of any previouskerosine sample (WarningCombustible. Vapor harmful),and rinse successively several times with a small portion of thekerosine sample to be tested.9.2 Clean the

27、 lamp burner thoroughly with ASTM precipi-tation naphtha solvent (WarningExtremely flammable.Harmful if inhaled: vapors may cause flash fire), removingcompletely any deposits from the wick-guide, air holes, andducts.9.3 Soak the new chimneys for 24 h in dilute HCl(WarningCauses burns. Vapor harmful)

28、 (approximately6 N), clean with a test tube brush, rinse thoroughly withdistilled water, and dry completely. Then subject the preparednew chimneys to at least three preliminary 16-h burningperiods. Clean chimneys with detergent and hot water, rinsethoroughly with distilled water, and completely dry

29、betweeneach preliminary burning period. New chimneys are satisfac-tory for use only if the last of the preliminary burning periodsresults in deposits essentially similar to those obtained whenburning the same kerosine for 16 h with seasoned chimneys.Continue preliminary 16-h burning periods and clea

30、nings untilseasoned chimney performance is achieved.9.4 Place several wicks into an insulated Soxhlet extractionapparatus in such a manner as to prevent distortion and extractwith boiling water (WarningAvoid skin contact with ex-posed hot surfaces by use of protective equipment) for 3 h fromthe end

31、of the first siphoning cycle. Remove the wicks from theSoxhlet extraction apparatus, lay flat between sheets of filterpaper, and press gently to remove excess moisture. Extract thewick with Formula 3A denatured ethanol (WarningFlammable. Denaturedcannot be made nontoxic) for 3 h inan uninsulated Sox

32、hlet extraction apparatus, drain the ethanolas completely as possible from the Soxhlet extractor andcontinue the extraction with ASTM precipitation naphtha(WarningExtremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled. Vaporsmay cause flash fire) for 1 h.10. Procedure10.1 Dry the wick in an oven (WarningAvoid skin

33、contact with exposed hot surfaces by use of protective equip-ment) at 105C for 1 h. While still hot, soak the wick in thesample and insert the wick into the wick guide. Rinse thereservoir several times with the sample. Filter the samplethrough a coarse-textured filter paper, to remove suspendedmatte

34、r and pour 900 mL into the reservoir and assemble thelamp.10.2 Hinge back the dome and chimney, and trim the wickcarefully with sharp scissors to produce a smooth and sym-metrical flame of the standard dimensions shown in Fig. 3.10.3 Trim the wick as follows: With sharp scissors cut thewick level wi

35、th the wick guide, raise the wick, and cut atriangular portion from each corner as illustrated in Fig. 4.Round off very slightly the sharp corners produced. Removeany ragged projections by slight beveling of the top edges asillustrated in Fig. 5. Be careful not to compress or squeeze thewick with th

36、e fingers. Trimming should produce a smooth,symmetrical flame, free of peaks or ears. Check this by lightingthe lamp from time to time and inspecting the flame during thetrimming operation.10.4 After the wick is trimmed to yield a flame of standardshape and dimensions, allow the lamp to burn for 0.5

37、 h,extinguish; and trim again, removing any uneven points andcharred fiber. Relight the lamp and again check the shape anddimensions of the flame. Extinguish the flame, allow thechimney to cool, wash it with hot water, and dry with a cleanlint-free cloth.10.5 After the wick has been trimmed and the

38、chimneywashed, allow the lamp to burn for 0.5 h and readjust the flameto the standard dimensions. At the end of this period weigh thelamp, while burning, to the nearest 1 g on a platform balance.Weigh again after 1 h. If the rate of sample consumption differsfrom 22 6 4 g/h, check the flame dimensio

39、ns and wickcondition for further trimming. Normally, the measurement ofsample consumption is needed only as a check on standardNOTEAll dimensions shown are in millimetres.FIG. 3 Standard Dimensions for Shape and Size of FlameNOTEAll dimensions shown are in millimetres.FIG. 4 Wick Trimming. Front Vie

40、w of WickNOTEAll dimensions shown are in millimetres.FIG. 5 Wick Trimming. Side View of WickD187083burning conditions, since with the specified flame size andshape, the initial rate of sample consumption will always bewithin these limits.10.6 Allow the sample to burn continuously without furtheradju

41、stment of any kind for the duration of the test, which shallbe 16 h (or other specified period) of continuous burning afterthe first weighing. At the end of this period reweigh to thenearest 1 g and record any changes in height, width, or shapeof the flame to the nearest 1 mm.10.7 Examine the densit

42、y and color of the chimney deposit.11. Report11.1 The report shall include the following:11.1.1 Average burning rate of the sample to the nearest1 g/h.11.1.2 Initial dimensions of the flame to the nearest 1 mm.11.1.3 Final dimensions of the flame to the nearest 1 mm.11.1.4 Density of the chimney dep

43、osit (none, light, medium,or heavy) and its color (none, white, yellow, or brown).12. Precision and Bias612.1 The precision of the test method as determined bystatistical examination of interlaboratory results is as follows:12.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between two test re-sults, obtained by th

44、e same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identical test material,would in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test method, exceed the following values only in one casein twenty:Measurement RepeatabilityFlame height, mm (36.2/X)3Flame width, mm

45、 (37.8/X)3Burning rate, g/h (26.5/X)3Chimney deposit colorChimney deposit densityany differenceany differencewhere:X= average of two test results.12.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent results obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on ident

46、ical test material would, inthe long run, in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the following values only in one case intwenty:Measurement ReproducibilityFlame height, mm (42.7/X)3Flame width, mm (45.2/X)3Burning rate, g/h (36.2/X)3Chimney deposit colorChimney deposit density

47、one categoryone categorywhere:X= average of two test results.12.2 BiasA program to obtain additional data for preci-sion and bias is under discussion. When developed, theadditional data will be included.13. Keywords13.1 burning quality; kerosineSUMMARY OF CHANGESSubcommittee D02.E0.01 has identified

48、 the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D 18794(2003)1) that may impact the use of this standard.(1) Added 1.2 on units of measure and renumbered Scopesections.(2) Added IP 10 to Referenced Documents.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any

49、patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand shou