ASTM D1881-1997(2002)e2 Standard Test Method for Foaming Tendencies of Engine Coolants in Glassware《在玻璃器皿中发动机冷却剂起泡倾向的试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: D 1881 97 (Reapproved 2002)e2Standard Test Method forFoaming Tendencies of Engine Coolants in Glassware1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1881; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye

2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.e1NOTEThe address for Godax Laboratories i

3、n footnote 7 was updated editorially in June 2003.e2NOTEDefinitions, 3.1, was changed to Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard editorially in April 2007.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a simple glassware test forevaluating the tendency of engine coolants to foam underlaboratory-controll

4、ed-conditions of aeration and temperature.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulator

5、y limitations prior to use. For specificwarning statements, see 7.2 and 7.4.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are approximateequivalents provided for information purposes only.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1176 Practice fo

6、r Sampling and Preparing Aqueous So-lutions of Engine Coolants or Antirusts for Testing Pur-posesD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 3585 Specification for ASTM Reference Fluid for Cool-ant TestsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE 128 Test Method for Maximum Pore Diameter and

7、 Per-meability of Rigid Porous Filters for Laboratory Use3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 break time, nthe time required for the foam tocollapse (after the air supply has been shut off) to the firstappearance of an “eye” on the surface of the test solution.3.1.2

8、 eye, nthe appearance of foam free area on thesurface of the test coolant surrounded by a ring of foamclinging to the cylinder walls.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A solution of coolant and ASTM Type II water is blownwith air at a constant rate for 5 min, while maintained at aconstant temperature of 8

9、8 6 1C (190 6 2F) by means of asuitable temperature bath. The volume of foam, and the timefor such foam to break, are measured.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test method generally will distinguish coolants thathave a tendency to foam excessively from those that aresuitable for further evaluation to

10、determine performance inactual service.NOTE 1In use, the foaming tendency of a coolant solution may beincreased by service aging or contamination. A properly functioningpressure cap will tend to suppress foaming in coolant solutions.6. Apparatus6.1 ContainerA 500-mL graduated container of heat-resis

11、tant glass, having a diameter of 45 to 50 mm and a lengthof 380 mm.6.2 Temperature BathA heat resistant glass containerlarge enough to permit immersion of the graduated container atleast to the 350 mL graduation mark. A 4000-mL beaker issatisfactory.6.3 Heat SourceAny heating system capable of maint

12、ain-ing a uniform bath temperature 61C (62F). A750-wattelectric hot-plate is satisfactory.6.4 Aerator TubeA 25.4-mm (1-in.) diameter sphericalgas-diffuser stone3made of fused crystalline alumina grainwhich meets the following specifications when tested inaccordance with the method given in Annex A1:

13、Maximum pore diameter, m Not greater than 80Permeability at a pressure of 2.45 kPa, mL of air/min 3000 to 64001This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D15 on EngineCoolants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D15.06 on GlasswarePerformance Tests.Current edition appr

14、oved May 10, 1997. Published June 1998. Originallypublished as D 1881 61 T. Last previous edition D 1881 96.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stan

15、dards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3For information on aerator supplier and specifications contact ASTM Subcom-mittee D15.06 through ASTM International Headquarters.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.5 Ther

16、mometerAnASTM Partial Immersion Thermom-eter having a range from 20 to +150C (0 to 302F) andconforming to the requirements for Thermometer 1F as pre-scribed in Specification E1.6.6 Air SupplyA clean and dry source, free from greaseand other contaminants, capable of maintaining the prescribedflow rat

17、e through the diffuser stone.6.7 TimerAstop watch or suitable timing device, accurateto 60.2 s.6.8 VentA three-way stopcock inserted in the metered airsupply line immediately ahead of the aerator tube.6.9 Typical Assembly Set-UpA typical apparatus using ahot-plate heat source is shown in Fig. 1.7. M

18、aterials and Reagents7.1 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water means reagent water as defined by Type II ofSpecification D 1193.7.2 Acetone, for flushing and drying the test equipment.(WarningAcetone is extremely flammable.)7.3 Specification D 3585 Test CoolantUnless otherwis

19、eindicated, references to the reference test coolant meansSpecification D 3585 coolant prepared without antifoam (Plu-ronic L-61) as defined in Specification D 3585.7.4 Cleaning BathRefers to an acid or base cleaningsolution used to clean glassware between tests. The choice ofcleaning baths depends

20、on individual needs. For example,Nochromix and alcoholic sodium (potassium) hydroxide arecommon acid and base cleaning baths, respectively.4(WarningThe cleaning baths are strong oxidants and strongacid and base, respectively. Avoid contact with skin, eyes, andclothing. Do not breathe vapor. Handle i

21、n a fume hood.)8. Test Solution8.1 A 33 % by volume solution of reference coolant (Speci-fication D 3585 test coolant without antifoam) shall be pre-pared with the proper quantity of Type II water.8.2 Prepare a 33 % by volume solution of the coolant to betested with Type II water. Use the same glass

22、ware used toprepare the reference coolant test solution. Rinse the glasswarewith Type II water between preparations.Additive concentratesshall be diluted with Type II water to recommended useconcentration. Preparation of the sample shall be done inaccordance with treatment of mixtures described in T

23、estMethod D 1176. Thus, any insoluble materials will be includedin the representative sample.9. Test Conditions9.1 Test TemperatureThe temperature bath shall be kept ata constant volume (350 to 375 mL mark of the graduatedcylinder) throughout the test. The test solution shall be main-tained at 88 6

24、1C (190 6 2F) throughout. This temperatureis suitable for both high-boiling and low-boiling coolants.9.2 Aeration RateThe aeration rate shall be 1000 6 25mL/min.9.3 Number of TestsThe reference coolant shall be testedto determine if the glassware and testing equipment is con-taminated with residue d

25、efoamer. If the reference coolant givesa foam volume of greater than 250 mL and a break time ofgreater than 8 s, drain the reference coolant from the glassware,rinse with Type II water and use for the preparation of the testcoolant.9.3.1 Each test coolant shall be tested in triplicate, using afreshl

26、y prepared test solution (Section 8) for each test. Theentire container and aerator tube (see 6.1 and 6.4) shall becleaned scrupulously between each test. The container shall becleaned in cleaning bath and the aerator tube shall be immersedfirst in acetone and flushed back and forth, and then in wat

27、erand flushed back and forth, using vacuum and air pressure. Theentire assembly shall be thoroughly rinsed with Type II waterbefore each test.NOTE 2Scrupulously cleaning of the glassware, aerator tube anddiffuser stone between tests will reduce the potential carry-over ofantifoam from previous test

28、or glassware detergents that can interfere withtest reproducibility.10. Procedure10.1 Heat 145 mL of solution to 88C (190F) in thecontainer positioned in the temperature bath. Immerse theaerator tube and read the level of the liquid to the nearest 5 mL.Measure the temperature with the thermometer in

29、side thegraduated container.4Nochromix is an inorganic oxidizer that contains no metallic ions. The whitepowder is dissolved in water and mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid, giving asolution that reportedly is more strongly oxidizing than chromic acid. Availablefrom Godax Laboratories Inc., 720B

30、Erie Ave., Takoma Park, MD 20912.FIG. 1 Schematic Drawing of Apparatus for Glassware FoamTestD 1881 97 (2002)e2210.2 Connect air supply, position stopcock to permit air flowto aerator tube, and adjust the air flow rate of 1000 mL/minusing a manometer or other suitable instrument for accuratelymeasur

31、ing volumes of air flow.10.3 If the volume of the test solution drops as a result ofevaporation, replenish the test solution to its original volumeusing Type II water before initiating aeration. Measure thetemperature of the test solution at the start of aeration.10.4 The timing of the 5-min aeratio

32、n period shall start atthe appearance of the first bubbles in the test solution.10.5 At the end of 5 min, measure the volume of foam at thehighest level and subtract the initial volume read after insertingthe aerator tube. Read the foam volume to the nearest 5-mLgraduation.10.6 Relieve the air press

33、ure by positioning the three-waystopcock to shut off the air supply and vent the inlet tube to theatmosphere simultaneously, and record precisely (60.2 s) thetime for the foam to collapse to the first appearance of an “eye”on the surface of the test solution.11. Report11.1 The testing shall be done

34、in triplicate, using a freshlyprepared solution for each test run. The report shall include thetest results tabulated as follows:“Break Time”Foam Volume AppearanceTest Run at 5 min of “Eye”1 _mL _s2 _mL _s3 _mL _sAverage _mL _s12. Precision and Bias12.1 A statement on precision is under review, and

35、roundrobin testing is currently in progress.13. Keywords13.1 engine coolants; foaming; glasswareANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. TEST FOR MAXIMUM PORE DIAMETER AND PERMEABILITY OF STONE DIFFUSERS(Based on Test Method E 128)A1.1 DefinitionsA1.1.1 maximum pore diameterthe diameter in microme-tres of a

36、capillary of circular cross section which is equivalent(with respect to surface tension effects) to the largest pore inthe diffuser under consideration.A1.1.2 permeabilitythe flow of air, in millilitres perminute through the diffuser stone at air pressure of 2.5 kPa(250 mm of water).A1.2 ApparatusA1

37、.2.1 Apparatus for the maximum pore diameter determi-nation consists of a regulated source of clean, dry, compressedair; a U-tube water manometer of sufficient length to read apressure differential of 800 mm; and a cylinder of a sizesufficient (250 mL is suitable) to conveniently immerse adiffuser s

38、tone to a depth of 100 mm.A1.2.2 Additional apparatus for permeability determinationconsists of a gas volume meter of sufficient capacity to measureflow rates of at least 6000 mL/min, and a filtering flask largeenough that 25.4-mm (1-in.) diameter diffuser stones will passthrough the neck. The flask

39、 shall be fitted with a rubber stopperwith a single hole to admit the air-inlet tube (see Fig. A1.1).A1.3 ProcedureA1.3.1 Maximum Pore DiameterSupport the clean dif-fuser by an air-inlet tube at a depth of 100 mm as measured tothe top of the stone in distilled water in a cylinder and allow itto soak

40、 for at least 2 min. Connect the air-inlet tube to acontrollable source of clean, compressed air and a manometeras shown in Fig. A1.2. Increase the air pressure at a rate ofabout 50 mm of water/min until the first dynamic bubble passesthrough the filter and rises through the water. The first dynamic

41、FIG. A1.1 Apparatus for Measuring PermeabilityD 1881 97 (2002)e23bubble is recognized by being followed by a succession ofadditional bubbles. Read the water level in both legs of themanometer and record the difference as the pressure, p. Theuniformity of distribution of pores approaching maximum por

42、esize may be observed by gradually increasing the air pressureand noting the uniformity with which streams of bubbles aredistributed over the surface.Calculate maximum pore diameter, D, in micrometres, asfollows:D 5 29 225/p 100! (A1.1)where:p = pressure, mm.A1.3.2 PermeabilityConnect the clean, dry

43、 diffuser stoneto a controllable source of clean, dry, compressed air and placeit in a filtering flask connected to a suitable flowmeter as shownin Fig. A1.1. Adjust the pressure differential to 2.5 kPa (250mm of water) and measure the rate of flow of air through thediffuser stone in millilitres per

44、 minute. Depending on thesensitivity of the flowmeter used, this observation may bemade for a suitably longer period and the average flow rate perminute recorded.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this st

45、andard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be rev

46、iewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsi

47、ble technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West C

48、onshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. A1.2 Apparatus for Measuring Maximum Pore SizeD 1881 97 (2002)e24