ASTM D1914-1995(2004)e1 Standard Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres《大气取样和分析的相关换算单位和系数的标准规程》.pdf

1、Designation: D 1914 95 (Reapproved 2004)e1Standard Practice forConversion Units and Factors Relating to Sampling andAnalysis of Atmospheres1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1914; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c

2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorially corrected footnote in Table 1 in October 2004.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides u

3、nits and factors useful formembers of the air pollution and meteorological communities.1.2 This practice is used together with IEEE/ASTM SI-10,which discusses SI units and contains selected conversionfactors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly usednon-metric units.2. Referenced Document

4、s2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesIEEE/ASTM SI-10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System3. Significance and Use3.1 ASTM requires the use of

5、 SI units in all its publicationsand their use in reporting atmospheric measurement data.However, there are historic data and even data currentlyreported that are based on a variety of units of measurement.This practice tabulates factors that are necessary to convertsuch data to SI and other units o

6、f measurement.3.2 IEEE/ASTM SI-10 does not list all the conversionfactors commonly used in air pollution and meteorologicalfields. This practice supplements IEEE/ASTM SI-10.3.3 The values reported here were obtained from a numberof standard publications. They were adjusted to five figures andorganiz

7、ed in a rational order. All values reflect the latestinformation from the 16th General Conference on Weights andMeasurements held in 1979.3.4 The factors in Table 1 are provided to change units ofmeasurement from one system to related units in other systems,as well as to smaller or larger units in t

8、he same system.3.5 Values of units in the left column may be converted tovalues of units in the right column merely by multiplying bythe conversion factor provided in the center column.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Samplingand Analysis of Atmospheres and is the di

9、rect responsibility of SubcommitteeD22.01 on Quality Control.Current edition approved October 1, 2004. Published January 2005. Originallyapproved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 1914 - 95 (1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM

10、 Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.TABLE 1 Conversion UnitsMultip

11、ly By To ObtainTemperatureDegrees Fahrenheit (F) + 459.72 1 Degrees Fahrenheit Absolute or Rankine (R)Degrees Fahrenheit (F) 3259 Degrees Celsius (C)Degrees Celsius (C) + 273.15 1 Kelvins (K)Degrees Celsius (C) + 17.78 1.8 Degrees Fahrenheit (F)Degrees Rankine (R) 459.72 1 Degrees Fahrenheit (F)Kelv

12、ins (K) 273.15 1 Degrees Celsius (C)PressureDynes per square centimetre 1.4504 3 105Pounds per square inch10.197 3 104Grams per square centimetre1 3 106Bars0.1 PascalsPounds per square inch absolute (psia) 70.307 Grams per square centimetre absolute51.715 Millimetres of mercury absolute144 Pounds pe

13、r square foot absolute1 Pounds per square inch gage + 14.6966894.8 PascalsPounds per square inch gage (psig) 70.307 Grams per square centimetre51.715 Millimetres of mercury at 0C27.673 Inches of water at 4C1 Pounds per square inch absolute 14.6966894.8 PascalsInches of water (at 4C) 0.03614 Pounds p

14、er square inch0.07355 Inches of mercury0.57818 Ounces per square inch25.399 Kilograms per square metre2490.8 Dynes per square centimetre249.2 PascalsInches of mercury (at 0C) 0.49116 Pounds per square inch13.595 Inches of water at 4C345.31 Kilograms per square metre3.3864 3 104Dynes per square centi

15、metre3386.4 PascalsMillimetres of mercury (at 0C) 0.01934 Pounds per square inch1.3595 Grams per square centimetre1333.2 Dynes per square centimetre133.32 PascalsCentimetres of mercury (at 0C) 1.3332 3 104Dynes per square centimetre135.95 Kilograms per square metre27.845 Pounds per square foot1333.2

16、 PascalsAtmosphere (normal) 760 Millimetres of mercury at 0C1.0133 Bars14.696 Pounds per square inch29.921 Inches of mercury at 0C1033.2 Grams per square centimetre1.0133 3 106Dynes per square centimetre1.0132 3 105PascalsBars 14.504 Pounds per square inch1.0197 3 104Kilograms per square metre1.000

17、3 106Dynes per square centimetre750.06 Millimetres of mercury (0C)0.98692 Atmospheres105PascalsPascals 10 Dynes per square centimetre1.4504 3 104Pounds per square inch absolute4.0128 3 103Inches of water (at 4C)2.9530 3 104Inches of mercury (at 0C)7.5007 3 103Millimetre of mercury (at 0C)9.8692 3 10

18、6Atmosphere (normal)105BarsDensityGrams per cubic centimetre 1 Grams per millilitre0.03613 Pounds per cubic inch8.3452 Pounds per gallon (U. S.)62.428 Pounds per cubic footPounds per cubic foot 0.01602 Grams per cubic centimetre5.7870 3 104Pounds per cubic inchD 1914 95 (2004)e12TABLE 1 ContinuedMul

19、tiply By To ObtainConcentration(See also Section 4.)Gases in Gas:Parts per million by volume (ppm(v) 1 Micromoles of gas per mole of gas1 3 104Percent by volumeMolecular weight/24 450 Milligrams of substance per litre of air (at 25C and101.3 kPa pressure)1 3 106Partial pressure of one constituentTot

20、al pressure of mixtureParts per billion by volume (ppb(v) 1 3 103Parts per million by volumeOne percent by volume 10 000 Parts per million by volumeMilligrams per litre 1000 Milligrams per cubic metre1 3 106Micrograms per cubic metreMilligrams per cubic metre 1 3 103Milligrams per litreMicrograms pe

21、r cubic metre 1 3 106Milligrams per litreLiquid and Solid Particles in Gas:Milligrams per litre 1 3 103Milligrams per cubic metre1 3 106Micrograms per cubic metreMilligrams per cubic metre 1 3 103Milligrams per litreMicrograms per cubic metre 1 3 106Milligrams per litreOunces per thousand cubic feet

22、 1.0012 Grams per cubic metreGrains per cubic foot 2.2883 Grams per cubic metreParticles per cubic centimetre 2.8317 3 104Particles per cubic foot1 3 106Particles per cubic metreParticles per cubic metre 1 3 106Particles per cubic centimetre0.02832 Particles per cubic footMillions of particles per c

23、ubic foot 35.314 Millions of particles per cubic metreGases, Liquids, and Solids in Liquids:Gram molecular weight per litre 1 Moles per litreParts per million by weight 1 Milligrams per litre (where specific gravity of dispersionmedium is 1.00)LengthAngstrom units 1 3 1010Metres3.9370 3 109Inches1 3

24、 104Micrometres1 3 108Centimetres0.1 NanometresNanometres 1 3 109Metres1 3 107Centimetres10 Angstrom unitsMicrometres 3.9370 3 105Inches1 3 106Metres1 3 104Centimetres1 3 104Angstrom unitsMillimetres 0.03937 Inches (U. S.)1000 MicrometresCentimetres 0.39370 Inches (U. S.)1 3 104Micrometres1 3 107Nan

25、ometres1 3 108Angstrom unitsMetres 6.2137 3 104Miles (statute)1.0936 Yards (U. S.)39.370 Inches (U. S.)1 3 109Nanometres1 3 1010Angstrom unitsKilometres 0.53961 Miles (nautical)0.62137 Miles (statute)1093.6 Yards3280.8 FeetInches (U. S.) 0.02778 Yards2.5400 Centimetres2.5400 3 103Angstrom unitsFeet

26、(U. S.) 0.30480 Metres30.480 CentimetresYards (U. S.) 5.6818 3 104Miles0.91440 Metres91.440 CentimetresMiles (nautical) 1.1516 Statute miles2026.8 Yards1.8533 KilometresMiles (U. S. statute) 320 Rods0.86836 Nautical miles1.6094 KilometresD 1914 95 (2004)e13TABLE 1 ContinuedMultiply By To Obtain1609.

27、4 MetresAreaSquare millimetres 0.00155 Square inches1 3 106Square metres0.01 Square centimetres1.2732 Circular millimetresSquare centimetres 1.1960 3 104Square yards0.00108 Square feet0.15500 Square inches1 3 104Square metres100 Square millimetresSquare kilometres 0.38610 Square miles (U. S.)1.1960

28、3 106Square yards1.0764 3 107Square feet1 3 106Square metres247.10 Acres (U. S.)Square inches (U. S.) 0.00694 Square feet0.00077 Square yards6.4516 3 104Square metres6.4516 Square centimetres645.16 Square millimetresSquare feet (U. S.) 3.5870 3 108Square miles0.11111 Square yards144 Square inches0.0

29、9290 Square metres929.03 Square centimetres2.2957 3 105AcresSquare miles 640 Acres3.0976 3 106Square yards2.7878 3 107Square feet2.5900 Square kilometres2.5900 3 106Square metresVolumeCubic millimetres 6.1023 3 105Cubic inches1 3 109Cubic metres0.001 Cubic centimetresMillilitres 0.03381 Ounces (flui

30、d, U.S.)0.06102 Cubic inches0.001 Litres1 Cubic centimetresLitres 0.00131 Cubic yards0.26418 Gallons (U. S.)0.03532 Cubic feet33.815 Ounces (fluid, U.S.)61.025 Cubic inches0.00100 Cubic metres1000 Cubic centimetresCubic metres 1.3079 Cubic yards (U. S.)35.314 Cubic feet (U. S.)264.17 Gallons (U. S.)

31、6.1023 3 104Cubic inches1000 Litres1 3 106Cubic centimetres1 3 109Cubic millimetresGallons (U. S.) 0.00495 Cubic yards0.13368 Cubic feet128 Ounces (fluid)231 Cubic inches0.00378 Cubic metres3.7854 Litres3785.4 Millilitres3785.4 Cubic centimetresCubic inches (U. S.) 2.1433 3 105Cubic yards5.7870 3 10

32、4Cubic feet0.00433 Gallons (U. S.)0.55410 Ounces (fluid)1.6387 3 105Cubic metres0.01639 Litres16.387 Millilitres16.387 Cubic centimetres1.6387 3 104Cubic millimetresCubic feet (U. S.) 0.03704 Cubic yardsD 1914 95 (2004)e14TABLE 1 ContinuedMultiply By To Obtain7.4810 Gallons (U.S.)1728.0 Cubic inches

33、0.02832 Cubic metres28.316 Litres2.8316 3 104Cubic centimetresCubic centimetres 1 Millilitres1.3079 3 106Cubic yards3.5314 3 105Cubic feet (U. S.)2.6417 3 104Gallons (U. S.)0.03381 Ounces (fluid, U.S.)0.06102 Cubic inches1 3 106Cubic metres1000 Cubic millimetresTimeSeconds (mean solar) 1.1574 3 105D

34、ays2.7778 3 104Hours0.01667 MinutesMinutes (mean solar) 9.9206 3 105Weeks6.9445 3 104Days0.01667 HoursHours (mean solar) 0.00595 Weeks0.04167 Days3600 SecondsDays (mean solar) 1440 Minutes8.6400 3 104SecondsWeeks (mean solar)A168 Hours1.0080 3 104Minutes6.0480 3 105SecondsMonths (mean calendar)A30.4

35、2 Days730 Hours4.3800 3 104Minutes2.628 3 106SecondsYears (calendar)A8760 Hours5.256 3 105MinutesVelocityFeet per second 0.01136 Miles per minute0.68182 Miles per hour1.0973 Kilometres per hour18.288 Metres per minute30.480 Centimetres per secondFeet per minute 0.00508 Metres per second0.01136 Miles

36、 per hour0.01667 Feet per second0.01829 Kilometres per hour0.30480 Metres per minute0.50800 Centimetres per secondCentimetres per second 3.7282 3 104Miles per minute0.02237 Miles per hour0.03281 Feet per second0.03600 Kilometres per hour0.60000 Metres per minute1.9685 Feet per minuteMiles per hour 0

37、.01667 Miles per minute1.4667 Feet per second1.6093 Kilometres per hour26.822 Metres per minute44.704 Centimetres per second88 Feet per minuteMetres per minute 0.03728 Miles per hour0.05468 Feet per second0.06 Kilometres per hour1.6667 Centimetres per second3.2808 Feet per minuteKilometres per hour

38、0.27778 Metres per second0.62137 Miles per hour0.91134 Feet per second16.667 Metres per minute27.778 Centimetres per second54.681 Feet per minuteMass (or Weight)Milligrams 2.2046 3 106Pounds (avoirdupois)D 1914 95 (2004)e15TABLE 1 ContinuedMultiply By To Obtain3.5274 3 105Ounces (avoirdupois)0.01543

39、 Grains1 3 106KilogramsMicrograms 1 3 106GramsGrams 0.00220 Pounds (avoirdupois)0.03527 Ounces (avoirdupois)15.432 Grains1 3 106MicrogramsKilograms 0.00110 Tons (short)2.2046 Pounds (avoirdupois)35.274 Ounces (avoirdupois)1.5432 3 104GrainsGrains 1.4286 3 104Pounds (avoirdupois)0.00229 Ounces (avoir

40、dupois)0.06480 Grams64.799 MilligramsOunces (avoirdupois) 3.1250 3 105Tons (short)0.06250 Pounds (avoirdupois)437.50 Grains28.350 GramsPounds (avoirdupois) 5 3 104Tons (short)16 Ounces (avoirdupois)7000 Grains0.45359 Kilograms453.59 GramsTons (short, U.S.) 2000 Pounds (avoirdupois)3.200 3 104Ounces

41、(avoirdupois)907.19 KilogramsAFor specific applications and exceptions, see Terminology D 1356.4. Conversion for Gases and Vapors4.1 To convert concentrations of gases and vapors fromparts per million by volume to milligrams per litre and viceversa at any condition of temperature and pressure, thefo

42、llowing formulas will be found useful:Concentration, ppmv!5 (1)C13 24 450 3 T 3 101.3!/mol wt 3 298 3 P!Concentration, mg/litre 5 (2)C23 mol wt 3 298 3 P!/24 450 3 T 3 101.3!where:C1= concentration, mg/L,C2= concentration, ppm(v),T = absolute temperature, K, andP = absolute pressure of the sampled a

43、ir stream, kPa.NOTE 1It is usually necessary to convert the measured air flow to thetemperature and pressure of the sampled air stream.5. Sieve Number versus Particle Size5.1 The following are excerpts from Specification E11. Forcomplete information on this subject, refer to SpecificationE11.Sieve N

44、umberSieve Openingin. m80 0.0070 180100 .0059 150120 .0049 125140 .0041 106170 .0035 90200 .0029 75230 .0025 63270 .0021 53325 .0017 45400 .0015 386. Keywords6.1 area; concentration; conversions; density; length; mass;pressure; sieves; temperature; time; units; velocity; volume;weightASTM Internatio

45、nal takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their

46、 own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be

47、 addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards

48、, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 1914 95 (2004)e16