1、Designation: D 1918 95 (Reapproved 2004)e1Standard Test Method forAsbestos Content of Asbestos Textiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1918; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEAsbestos warning was moved from 8.1 to 1.5 in September 2004.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the asbes-to
3、s content of untreated chrysotile asbestos textile materialswhich are usually blends of asbestos and organic fibers. Thistest method is also applicable to treated asbestos textilematerials provided the treatment can be completely removedprior to testing.1.2 This test method is limited to those asbes
4、tos textilematerials in which asbestos is the only inorganic fiber present,or in which any other inorganic fiber or wire used as reinforce-ment can be removed prior to testing.1.3 If carbonates are present, a correction is made for theloss on ignition in the calculation for asbestos content.1.4 The
5、values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthrisks for users and for those with whom they come into contact.In addition
6、 to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Useof Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and ControlMeasures.”21.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
7、safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safetyhazard, see 1.5.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Sta
8、ndards:3D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 2946 Terminology Relating to Asbestos3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D 123. For asbestos terms, referto Terminology D 2946.3.2 Definitions:3.2.
9、1 asbestos, n1. generala group of impure silicateminerals occurring in fibrous form. 2. textilethe hydrousmagnesium silicate serpentine mineral designated as chrysotileand having the general empirical formula Mg3Si2O5(OH)4.3.2.2 Small amounts of carbonates, which may be present,are calculated as asb
10、estos.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 When carbonates are not present in the fibers, a speci-men is dried to constant mass, heated to 800 to 840C (1470 to1540F) for 1 h and the loss in mass determined. The mass ofthe ignited specimen divided by 0.86 (see 5.2) is assumed toequal the mass of asbestos fib
11、er originally present. Thiscorrected mass is calculated as a percentage of the weight ofthe original specimen.4.2 When carbonates are present they are included in theamount of asbestos reported. While carbonates are not deter-mined and reported separately, the amount of carbon dioxideincluded in the
12、 carbonates is measured and used to determinethe correct residue from ignition of the asbestos when calcu-lating asbestos in presence of carbonates.4.3 Both of the alternate procedures (4.1 and 4.2) areapplicable in the presence of organic fiberous material.1This test method is under the jurisdictio
13、n of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC17.03 on AsbestosCement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved June 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approvedin 1962. Discontinued 1989 and reinstated as D 1918 95. La
14、st previous editionapproved in 1999 as D 1918 95 (1999).2Available from The Asbestos Institute, Online, http:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standa
15、rds Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Significance and Use5.1 The asbestos content of asbestos textile materials is ofmajor significance, since the percentage of asbestos pres
16、entdefines the grade of the textile and the approximate service-ability temperature for such materials.5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-tance testing of commercial shipments because: (1) currentestimates of between-laboratory reproducibility are acceptable,(2) the test metho
17、d has been used extensively in the trade foracceptance testing. In cases of dispute, the statistical bias, ifany, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratoryof the seller should be determined with each comparison beingbased on testing randomized specimens from one sample ofmaterial.5.
18、3 The factor of 0.86 is based upon a measured average of14 % for the loss of water of crystallization on heatingchrysotile asbestos to a temperature of at least 800C (1470F).The calculated asbestos content may be in error if the actualmass loss differs from the 14 % average.5.4 If the specimen inclu
19、des calcium carbonate (CaCO3),this compound is decomposed at 800C (1470F) and highertemperatures. No other carbonates are present in appreciableamounts.5.5 If the textile specimen includes carbonates, the loss ofmass observed during ignition will include the water ofcrystallization of the asbestos a
20、nd carbon dioxide from thecarbonates. If the specimen includes both carbonates andorganic fiber the loss of mass will include water of crystalli-zation of the asbestos, carbon dioxide from the carbonates, andthe combustible part of the organic fibers. Failure to takeproper account of these losses wi
21、ll result in lower grading ofthe material.5.6 Asbestos textiles as used in normal applications are notsubjected to a temperature where CaCO3will decompose. AnyCaCO3contained will remain unchanged and as such offersexcellent thermal insulation. It is therefore included in thecalculation as part of th
22、e asbestos content.5.7 The mass of the original carbonate and the residualoxide formed on ignition of the carbonate in any specimen canbe calculated from the amount of carbon dioxide evolved froma known mass of the specimen. The calculated values are usedin the determination of the asbestos content
23、of specimenswhich include carbonate.6. Apparatus6.1 Knorr Alkalimeter, for determining carbon dioxide asshown in Fig. X1.1 and Fig. X1.2 and described in AppendixX1.6.2 Muffle Furnace, capable of maintaining a temperaturerange from 800 to 840C (1470 to 1540C).6.3 Crucibles, 50-cm3glazed porcelain or
24、 equivalent.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity:7.1.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee onAnalytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society wheresuch speci
25、fications are available.4Other grades may be used,provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.7.1.2 Purity of Water Unless otherwise indicated, refer-ences to water shall be understood to mean re
26、agent water asdefined by Type IV of Specification D 1193.7.2 Reagents:7.2.1 Hydrochloric Acid, HCl, concentrated sp gr 1.19.7.2.2 Hydrochloric Acid, HCl, solution (one volume of sp gr1.19 concentrated acid added to one volume of reagent water).7.2.3 Silver Sulphate,Ag2SO4, solution (5 to 10 massperc
27、ent in hydrochloric acid, HCl, concentrated sp gr 1.19).7.3 Materials:7.3.1 Calcium Sulphate, CaSO4, anhydrous, desiccant,8-mesh solid, indicating.57.3.2 Copper Sulphate, CuSO4, anhydrous, absorbent forhydrogen sulfide, H2S; or penahydrate, CuSO4H2O.7.3.3 Soda-Asbestos Absorbent (such as ascarite).8
28、. Hazards8.1 Warningsee 1.5.8.2 When handling sulfuric acid, wear protective goggles,gloves, and clothing to protect against corrosion.8.3 The reagents and materials in 7.2 to 7.3.3 may be toxicin sufficient doses.9. Sampling and Test Specimens9.1 Take a laboratory sample from each lot and from this
29、sample take the number of specimens prescribed in theapplicable material specification. In the absence of applicablematerial specification, take two specimens, believed to berepresentative of the lot to be tested.9.2 Remove all treatments and all inorganic or wire rein-forcements, or both, from the
30、specimen before testing.10. Conditioning10.1 Preconditioning and conditioning of the test specimensare not necessary.11. Procedure11.1 Procedure for Determining Presence of Carbonates:11.1.1 Place a specimen of approximately 0.5 g in a testtube. Wet the specimen thoroughly with 10 cm3of distilledwat
31、er by stirring and tamping with a glass rod, so that no airbubbles are visible in the wet specimen. Add 5 cm3of HCl (spgr 1.19) and again stir and tamp gently with a glass rod, takingcare not to introduce any air bubbles. Warm gently.11.1.2 If no gas bubbles are detected, proceed as directed in11.2.
32、4Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacope
33、iaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.5Drierite has been found suitable for this purpose.D 1918 95 (2004)e1211.1.3 If gas bubbles form on the surface of the submergedspecimen, proceed as directed in 11.3 and 11.4.11.2 Procedure for Asbestos Content by Ig
34、nition (Carbon-ates Absent):11.2.1 Take two test specimens, each weighing not less than5 g, both representative of each lot or unit samples. Place thespecimens in tared crucibles that have been previously heatedto 800 to 840C (1470 to 1540F) for 1 h, cool in a desiccator,and weigh to the nearest 0.0
35、01 g. Dry each specimen toconstant mass at 105 to 110C (220 to 230F) and record themass to the nearest 0.001 g. Subtract the mass of the crucibleto obtain the weight of the oven-dry specimen and record asmass M.11.2.2 Place the crucibles containing the specimens in themuffle furnace and heat for not
36、 less than1hat800to840C(1470 to 1540F). Remove the specimen and crucible from thefurnace, and cool in a desiccator to room temperature. Weigh tothe nearest 0.001 g and subtract the tared mass of the crucibleto obtain the mass of the residue (ash). Record this mass as A.11.2.3 Calculations When carbo
37、nates are not present,calculate the asbestos content to the nearest 0.1 % by Eq 1 asfollows:Asbestos content, % 5 A/0.86 M! 3 100 (1)where:M = mass of specimen after drying but prior to ignition,g,A = mass of residue (ash) from the specimen afterignition, g, and0.86 = factor to correct for 14 % wate
38、r of crystallizationlost when heating.11.3 Procedure for Quantitative Test for Carbon Dioxide:11.3.1 Check the Knorr alkalimeter (Fig. X1.1) to ensurefreedom from leaks. Aspirate a current of air through thesystem at the rate of about two bubbles per minute for a periodof 10 min. Stop the air curren
39、t and remove the absorption tube.Place the absorption tube G in the balance case and allow it tostand for several minutes. Just before weighing, open thestopcocks momentarily and then close them. Weigh the tubeand repeat the above procedure. The second mass should agreewith the first within 0.05 g.
40、If it does not, repeat this processuntil the two successive weighings agree. When a constantmass is reached, replace the absorption tube in the gas train.11.3.2 Place a specimen of approximately 1 g weighed tothe nearest 0.001 g in the distillation flask. Wash down anyadhering particles on the insid
41、e neck of the flask with distilledwater. Add enough distilled water to the flask to that when theapparatus is reconnected the tip of the dropping funnel will be5 to 10 mm below the surface of the liquid. Place 50 cm3ofdilute HCl (1 + 1) in the dropping funnel and replace the guardgas-absorption tube
42、 at the top of the funnel. Start the flow ofwater in the condenser and open all stopcocks fully except theone in the dropping funnel. Turn on the aspirator for mediumsuction. Adjust the stopcock on the dropping funnel so that thesuction will draw the acid slowly into the flask. When all theacid is i
43、n the flask, open the funnel stopcock fully and adjustthe aspirator to pull air through the system at a rate of two orthree bubbles per second. After the reaction in the flask hassubsided, heat the contents slowly to boiling. When condensa-tion appears in the condenser, turn off the heat. Continue t
44、odraw air through the apparatus for 30 to 35 min. Reweigh theabsorption tube G as before. The gain in mass represents thecarbon dioxide in the specimen. Record this mass as D.11.3.3 Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide recovered pergram of specimen by Eq 2 as follows:E 5 D/F (2)where:F = mass of the
45、 specimen used for the Knorr alkalimetertest, g,D = gain in mass of the absorption tube G, g, andE = mass of carbon dioxide released per gram of speci-men, g.11.3.4 Repeat the procedure on another specimen of similarsize and calculate the average value of E in the two determi-nations. If desired, us
46、e the mass of the absorption tube G afterthe first determination as the starting point for the seconddetermination without repeating the initial process of obtainingconstant mass of the tube G.11.4 Procedure for Asbestos Content by Ignition (Carbon-ates Present):11.4.1 Proceed as directed in 11.2.1
47、and 11.2.2.11.4.2 Calculation for Asbestos ContentUse the valuesfor carbon dioxide content as determined in 11.3.3 and calcu-late the asbestos content using Eq 3 or Eq 4 as follows:Asbestos content, %5A 2 1.27 ME0.861 2.27 MEM3 100 (3)5A 1 0.68 ME0.86 M3 100 (4)where:M = mass of specimen after dryin
48、g but prior to ignition,g,A = mass of residue (ash) from the specimen afterignition, g,E = mass of carbon dioxide recovered per gram ofspecimen as calculated in 11.3.3, g,1.27 = factor to calculate from E the grams of calciumoxide per gram of specimen, and2.27 = factor to calculate from E the grams
49、of calciumcarbonate per gram of specimen.12. Report12.1 State that the tests were tested as directed in ASTMTest Method D 1918. Describe the material or product that wassampled and the method of sampling.12.2 Report the following information:12.2.1 The asbestos content of each specimen tested and theaverage of all tested,12.2.2 Mass of carbon dioxide per gram of specimen whendetermined, andD 1918 95 (2004)e1312.2.3 The quantity of specimens tested.13. Precision and Bias13.1 Interlaboratory Test Data6An inte
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