1、Designation: D1929 13aStandard Test Method forDetermining Ignition Temperature of Plastics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1929; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This fire test response test method2covers a laboratorydetermination of the flash ignition temperature and spontane-ous ignition temperatu
3、re of plastics using a hot-air furnace.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 CautionDuring the course of combustion, gases orvapors, or both, are evolved that have the potential to behazardous to personnel.1.4
4、This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire condi
5、tions.1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to
6、 establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in 1.3 and 1.4.NOTE 1This test method and ISO 871-1996 are identical in alltechnical details.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Stand
7、ards:3D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingE176 Terminology of Fire Standards2.2 International Standards:4ISO 871-1996 PlasticsDetermination of Ignition Tempera-ture Using a Hot-Air FurnaceISO 5725 Precision of Test MethodsDetermination ofRepeatability and Reproducibility for Standard
8、Test Meth-ods by Interlaboratory TestsIEC 584-2 ThermocouplesPart 2: Tolerances3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms relating to fire, see TerminologyE176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 flash ignition temperature (FIT)the minimum tem-perature at which, under specified
9、test conditions, sufficientflammable gases are emitted to ignite momentarily uponapplication of a small external pilot flame.3.2.2 glowing combustioncombustion of a material in thesolid phase without flame but with emission of light from thecombustion zone, caused by slow decomposition and carbon-iz
10、ation at various points in the specimen, without generalignition occurring.3.2.3 spontaneous ignition temperature or self-ignition tem-perature (SIT)the minimum temperature at which the self-heating properties of the specimen lead to ignition or ignitionoccurs of itself, under specified test conditi
11、ons, in the absenceof any additional flame ignition source.4. Significance and Use4.1 Tests made under conditions herein prescribed can be ofconsiderable value in comparing the relative ignition charac-teristics of different materials. Values obtained represent thelowest ambient air temperature that
12、 will cause ignition of the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.30 on Thermal Proper-ties.30.03).Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2013. Published November 2013. Originallyapproved in 1962. Last previous edi
13、tion approved in 2013 as D1929 13.DOI:10.1520/D1929-13A.In 1996, this test method was totally revised to be technically equal to ISO871-1996, and a specific air velocity is specified, which eliminates the need forapproximations.2The following reference may be of interest in connection with this test
14、 method:Stetchkin, N. P., “A Method and Apparatus for Determining the Ignition Charac-teristics of Plastics,” Journal of Research, National Institute of Standards andTechnology, Vol 43, No. 6, December 1949 (RP 2052), p. 591.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcon
15、tact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.*A Summar
16、y of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1material under the conditions of this test. Test values areexpected to rank materials according to ignition susceptibilityunder ac
17、tual use conditions.4.2 This test is not intended to be the sole criterion for firehazard. In addition to ignition temperatures, fire hazardsinclude other factors such as burning rate or flame spread,intensity of burning, fuel contribution, products of combustion,and others.5. Apparatus5.1 Hot-Air I
18、gnition FurnaceA furnace similar to thatshown in Fig. 1, consisting primarily of an electrical heatingunit and specimen holder.5.2 Furnace TubeA vertical tube with an inside diameterof 100 6 5 mm and a length of 230 6 20 mm, made of aceramic that will withstand at least 750C. The vertical tubestands
19、 on the furnace floor, fitted with a plug for the removal ofaccumulated residue.5.3 Inner Ceramic TubeAceramic tube that will withstandat least 750C, with an inside diameter of 75 6 5 mm, lengthof 230 6 20 mm, and thickness of approximately 3 mm, placedinside the furnace tube and positioned 20 6 2 m
20、m above thefurnace floor on three small spacer blocks. The top is coveredFIG. 1 Cross Section of Hot-Air Ignition FurnaceD1929 13a2by a disk of heat-resistant material with a 25 6 2-mm diameteropening in the center that is used for observation and passageof smoke and gases. The pilot flame is locate
21、d immediatelyabove the opening.NOTE 2Fire resistant materials such as silica glass and stainless steelhave also been found suitable for this application.5.4 Air SourceAn outside air source to supply clean airnear the top of the annular space between the ceramic tubes,through a copper tube at a stead
22、y and controllable rate. Airshall be heated and circulated in the space between the twotubes and enter the inner furnace tube at the bottom. Air shallbe metered by a rotameter or other suitable device.5.5 Electrical Heating Unit, contained within the mineralfiber sleeve and constructed of 50 turns o
23、f 1.3 6 0.1 mmNichrome V alloy wire, wound around the furnace tube andembedded in heat-resistant cement.NOTE 3Other constructions such as finely coiled wire embedded inmolded ceramic fiber have also been found to be acceptable.5.6 Insulation, consisting of a layer of mineral fiber, ap-proximately 60
24、-mm thick, and covered by a metal jacket.5.7 Pilot Igniter, consisting of a nominal 1.8 6 0.3-mminside diameter (ID) copper tubing attached to a gas supply of94 % minimum purity propane and placed horizontally 5 6 1mm above the top surface of the disk cover. The pilot flameshall be adjusted to 20 6
25、2 mm in length and centered abovethe opening in the disk cover.5.8 Specimen Support and HolderThe specimen pan con-sists of a metal container of approximately 0.5-mm thick steelmeasuring 40 6 2 mm in diameter by 15 6 2 mm in depth. Itis held in a ring of approximately 2.0-mm diameter stainlesssteel
26、welding rod. The ring is welded to a length of the sametype of rod extending through the cover of the furnace, asshown in Fig. 1. The bottom of the specimen pan shall belocated 185 6 5 mm down from the top of the inner furnacetube.5.9 Thermocouples, 0.5-mm diameter, Chromel-Alumel(Type K) or Iron-Co
27、nstantan (Type J), for temperature mea-surement connected to a calibrated recording instrument with atolerance not exceeding 62C. The thermocouple toleranceshall be in accordance with IEC 584-2, Table 1, Class 2 orbetter.5.10 Heating ControlAsuitable variable transformer or anautomatic controller co
28、nnected in series with the heating coils.5.11 Timing Device, having an accuracy of at least 1 s.6. Location of Thermocouples6.1 Thermocouple TC1measures the temperature, T1,ofthespecimen. It is located as close as possible to the center of theupper surface of the specimen when the specimen is in pla
29、cewithin the furnace. The thermocouple wire is attached to thespecimen support rod.6.2 Thermocouple TC2gives some indication of thetemperature, T2, of the air traveling past the specimen. It islocated 10 6 2 mm below the center of the specimen pan. Thethermocouple wire is attached to the specimen su
30、pport rod.NOTE 4Thermocouple TC2may be installed through a hole drilledadjacent to the inspection plug below the specimen pan.6.3 Thermocouple TC3measures the temperature, T3, of theheating coil. It is located adjacent to the furnace heating coiland is used as a reference for temperature adjustment
31、purposesbecause of its faster response.NOTE 5Thermocouple TC3may be a 1.6 6 0.1-mm diameter metallicsheathed thermocouple.7. Test Specimens7.1 It is acceptable to use as test specimens materials, orproducts, supplied in any form, with some examples beingpellets, powders and films. It is also accepta
32、ble to use com-posites as test specimens. The test report shall include fulldetails of the form in which the test specimens have beentested.NOTE 6Specimens containing high levels of inorganic fillers aredifficult to evaluate.NOTE 7In some cases the same material will give different results iftested
33、in different forms.7.2 A specimen mass of 3.0 6 0.2 g shall be used formaterials having a density greater than 100 kg/m3.7.2.1 Instructions for Specific Types of Test Specimens:7.2.1.1 For sheet materials, cut the sheet into squares of 206 2by206 2 mm maximum size, and stack these to a heightthat gi
34、ves the required specimen mass.7.2.1.2 For film materials, roll a strip 20 6 2 mm wide andof length sufficient to give the required specimen mass.7.2.1.3 For cellular materials having a density less than100kg/m3, remove any outer skin and cut the specimens in theform of a block measuring 20 6 2by206
35、 2by506 5 mm.7.3 Sufficient material is required for at least two determi-nations.7.4 The test specimens shall be conditioned at 23 6 2C and50 6 10 % relative humidity for not less than 40 h prior to test,in accordance with Practice D618.8. Procedure8.1 Flash Ignition Temperature (FIT):8.1.1 Set the
36、 air velocity to 25 mm/s by adjusting the actualair flow rate through the full section of the inner tube at thefurnace temperature, using the following formula:Qv5 6.62 3293Twhere:Qv= air flow rate, L/min, andT = temperature, K, at T2.Ensure that the air flow rate is maintained at 610 % of thecalcul
37、ated value.8.1.2 Adjust the electric current supplied to the heating coilby means of the variable transformer or automatic controller,by reference to temperature T3until the air temperature, T2,remains constant at the desired initial test temperature.NOTE 8The temperature of 400C is used when no pri
38、or knowledgeof the probable flash ignition temperature range is available. Other startingD1929 13a3temperatures may be selected if information on the material indicates abetter choice.8.1.3 Proceed as shown in 8.1.3.1 through 8.1.3.4 to assessthe flash ignition temperature. Ignition is likely to be
39、followedby continuous burning of the specimen.8.1.3.1 Raise the specimen pan to the cover opening, andplace the specimen on the pan.8.1.3.2 Lower the pan into the furnace, while ensuring thatthermocouples TC1and TC2are in their correct position, as per6.1 and 6.2.8.1.3.3 Start the timer and ignite t
40、he pilot flame.8.1.3.4 Watch for the occurrence of the following events,any one of which represents evidence of ignition:(1) flaming combustion of the specimen,(2) glowing combustion of the specimen,(3) flash,(4) explosion,(5) rapid rise in temperature T1as compared to temperatureT2.8.1.4 At the end
41、 of 10 min, depending on whether ignitionhas or has not occurred, lower or raise the temperature T2by50C accordingly, and repeat the test with a fresh specimen.8.1.5 When the range within which the flash ignition tem-perature lies has been determined, begin the test 10C belowthe highest temperature
42、within this range, and continue bydropping the temperature in 10C steps until the temperature isreached at which there is no ignition during a 10 min period.8.1.6 Record the lowest air temperature, T2, at which a flashis observed, during the 10 min period, as the flash ignitiontemperature.8.2 Sponta
43、neous Ignition Temperature (SIT):8.2.1 Follow the same procedure as described in 8.1, butwithout the pilot flame.8.2.2 Ignition will be evidenced by flaming or glowingcombustion of the specimen. It may be difficult, with somematerials, to detect spontaneous ignition visually when burningis by glowin
44、g combustion rather than flaming. In such cases, arapid rise in temperature T1above that of T2accompanied bya visual observation is the more reliable reference.8.2.3 Record the lowest air temperature, T2, at which thespecimen burns, during the 10 min period, as the spontaneousignition temperature.9.
45、 Test Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Reference to this test method;9.1.2 Designation of the material, including the name of themanufacturer and composition;9.1.3 Form of the material (granules, sheet, etc.);9.1.4 Mass of the test specimen, g;9.1.5 Density of the cellular test speci
46、mens, kg/m3;9.1.6 Flash ignition temperature (FIT), C;9.1.7 Spontaneous ignition temperature (SIT), C;9.1.8 Whether the combustion observed was flaming orglowing;9.1.9 Observations regarding the behavior of the specimenduring the test (how ignition occurred, the formation of soot orsmoke, excessive
47、foaming, melting, bubbling, smoking, etc.);and9.1.10 The following statement:“These test results relate only to the behavior of testspecimens under the particular conditions of the test. They arenot intended to be used, and shall not be used, to assess thepotential fire hazards of a material in use.
48、”10. Precision and Bias10.1 Relative precision data based on a preliminary inter-laboratory study conducted in 1994, using ISO/DIS 871 asprotocol, is indicated in Appendix X1. Findings from thisinterlaboratory study resulted in changes to the procedure;therefore, another interlaboratory study was in
49、itiated in 2012.10.2 Precision5The repeatability standard deviation froma single operator is shown in Table 1 and Table 2.TABLE 1 FIT (C)Material ID Average RepeatabilityStandardDeviationxsrPolymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)323.3 5.8High DensityPolyethylene (HDPE)353.3 5.8Polyamide 11 (PA11) 406.7 5.8Polycarbonate (PC) 446.7 5.8Polypropylene (PP) 313.3 5.8Polyvinylidine Fluoride(PVDF)510.0 0.0TABLE 2 SIT (C)Material ID Average RepeatabilityStandardDeviationxsrPolymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)450.0 0.0High DensityPolyethylene (HDPE)370.0 0.0Polyamide 11 (P
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