1、Designation: D1995 92 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Test Methods forMulti-Modal Strength Testing of Autohesives (ContactAdhesives)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1995; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures by which autohe-sives can be tested in four commonly practiced stre
3、ssingmodes, namely: compression shear, cleavage, climbing drumpeel, and T-peel, and in various combinations of rigid-to-rigid,flexible-to-rigid, and flexible-to-flexible adherends that includewood, aluminum, steel flakeboard, and plastic laminates.Quantitative test methods that involve bond formatio
4、n byimpact are also provided. Three pressure modes are provided:static, roller, and impact. Because there are many types ofcontact adhesives being used to bond many different materialsunder widely differing conditions, these test methods aredesigned to allow the user to select the test mode, coating
5、thickness, temperature and relative humidity conditions, pres-sure magnitude and mode, open time, and bond-conditioningtime.1.1.1 The bond-formation process used with autohesives isunlike that of all other adhesives and in consequence, testing ofautohesives requires methods that are unlike those pro
6、vided byother ASTM standards. See Annex A1.1.2 A choice of adherends is available in each test mode.The combination of adherends that can be bonded together islimited to those shown in Appendix X1.1.3 Methods for application of pressure are available in eachtest mode. For a particular combination of
7、 substrates, themeans available for application of pressure are limited to thoseshown in Appendix X2.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not cons
8、idered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use
9、. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in 7.5.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D905 Test Method for Strength Properties of AdhesiveBonds in Shear by Compression LoadingD907 Terminology of AdhesivesD1062 Test Method for Cleavage Strength of Metal-to-Metal Adhesive BondsD1151 Practic
10、e for Effect of Moisture and Temperature onAdhesive BondsD1781 Test Method for Climbing Drum Peel for AdhesivesD1876 Test Method for Peel Resistance of Adhesives (T-Peel Test)D2651 Guide for Preparation of Metal Surfaces for Adhe-sive BondingE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3.
11、Terminology3.1 DefinitionsMany terms in these test methods aredefined in Terminology D907.3.1.1 autohesion, nadhesion developed by interdiffusionof the molecules of two solid surfaces of the same material andconsequent obliteration of the interface between them.3.1.2 autohesive, nan adhesive possess
12、ing the property ofautohesion. (Also called contact-bond adhesive and dry-bondadhesive.)3.1.3 shear strength, nin adhesive joint, the maximumaverage stress when a force is applied parallel to the joint.3.1.3.1 DiscussionIn most adhesive test methods, theshear strength is actually the maximum average
13、 stress at failureof the specimen, not necessarily the true maximum stress in thematerial.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 autohesive (contact) failure, na condition in whichno contact appears to have occurred between the two layers of1These test methods are under the jurisdi
14、ction of ASTM Committee D14 onAdhesives and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.70 on Construc-tion Adhesives.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011. Published January 2011. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D1995 92 (2004).DOI: 10.1520/D1995-92R11.2F
15、or referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C7
16、00, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.autohesive, as evidence by visual inspection of the specimenafter destructive testing.3.2.2 bond-conditioning time, nthe time elapsed betweenmaking the bonded assembly and testing it or specimens madefrom it.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 The autohe
17、sive is conditioned to the temperature se-lected for the coating application, the substrates are surfacedflat, precut or cleaned, or both, as required, and then condi-tioned to the temperature and humidity preselected for thecoating application. Under controlled temperature and humid-ity, a film of
18、autohesive of predetermined wet-film thickness iscoated on to the substrates, and allowed to dry for the durationof the open-assembly time. The coated materials are broughttogether with light finger pressure, and bonded assemblies aremade by applying pressure. Pressure may be applied in one ofthree
19、ways: static, impact, or roller.Assemblies are conditionedin a controlled environment for a specified time, the bond-conditioning time. Assemblies are cut into specimens whererequired.Assemblies requiring no cutting, or precut specimens,are tested destructively in either of the four modes described
20、inSections 8, 9, 10, and 11.5. Significance and Use5.1 The application procedures in these test methods yieldfilms free of the irregularities, artifacts, and variations inherentin brushing, spraying, or trowelling. Accordingly, these testmethods measure the strength of autohesive bonds betweentwo au
21、tohesive films whose topography is characteristic of theautohesive itself rather than the artifacts of the applicationprocedure. It is recommended that this information be consid-ered in extrapolating results from these test methods.5.2 The magnitude of the measured bond strengths alsodepends on oth
22、er factors such as film thickness, the manner inwhich pressure is applied, the magnitude and duration of theapplication of pressure, and the temperature and humidity atvarious stages of the test.Accordingly, these parameters shouldbe chosen in a manner consistent with the end use of theautohesive.5.
23、3 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reportedresults when using these test methods for acceptance testing ofcommercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier shouldconduct comparative tests to diagnose the causes for lack ofrepeatability between their laboratories. Competent statist
24、icalassistance is recommended for the investigation of precision.As a minimum, the two parties should select a group of testspecimens and visually examine their failure modes. Theaverage results from the two laboratories should then becompared using Students t-test for unpaired data and anacceptable
25、 probability level should be chosen by the twoparties before testing is begun.6. Apparatus6.1 Testing Machines:6.1.1 Test Methods D905, D1062, D1781, D1876, andGuide D2651 independently specify the testing machine rel-evant to these test methods.6.1.2 To perform all tests in these test methods, the
26、testingmachine must meet the following requirements:6.1.2.1 Capability of performing tests in tension and com-pression; load range 4400 lb (2000 N).6.1.2.2 Rate of movement of the cross-head must be con-stant and independent of any fluctuation of the load.6.1.2.3 A range of cross-head speeds from 0.
27、05 in./min(1.27 mm/min) to 2 in./min, (50 mm/min).6.1.2.4 The machine must be provided with a load-ratecontroller capable of controlling the load rate from 600 to 700lbf/min (2700 to 3200 N/min).6.1.2.5 Autographic equipment to record the load-versus-head movement.6.1.3 Verification of the testing e
28、quipment may be made inaccordance with the recommendations of Practices E4.6.2 Equipment for Environmental Temperature and Humid-ity ControlEquipment must be capable of maintaining rela-tive humidity within 62 % of the selected value, and tempera-ture within 62F (61C) of the selected value.6.3 Appli
29、catorsFixed or variable-gap applicators, com-monly called knife applicators, may be used. The knife design,shown in Fig. 13or similar applicators provided with sideguide arms at least 1 in. (25 mm) long, are preferred.Applicators shall be wide enough for the guide arms to ride onthe rider pieces and
30、 at least 1 in. (25 mm), away from the edgeof center substrate during application, as in Fig. 2. Wide-wound-rod applicators may also be used for deposition of wetfilms 0.002 to 0.010 in. (0.051 to 0.254 mm) thick. Theseapplicators obviate the need for restraining devices to maintainflatness of sheet
31、 substrates while coating and are generallypreferred over knife applicators provided the required wet-filmthickness does not exceed 0.01 in. (0.254 mm). The wide-wound portion of the rod should be at least 2 in. (50 mm)longer than the adherend width. The wet-film thickness depos-ited by all wide-wou
32、nd-rod applicators is not predictable fromthe diameter of the wire. Consult the manufacturers data.43Available from Precision Gage and Tool Co., Dayton, Ohio 45410.4Wire-wound applicators are available from the Leneta Co., PO Box 576Ho-Ho-Kus, NJ 07423, from Byk Mallinckrodt Chemische Producte, 4230
33、 WesselPostfach 245, West Germany, and from Paul Gardner and Co. Inc., 218-DCommercial Blvd., Suite 205, Lauderdale-by-the-Sea, FL 33308-4491.FIG. 1 One Type of Knife ApplicatorD1995 92 (2011)26.4 Float-Glass Plate,14 in. (6 mm) minimum thickness,minimum width and length 12 and 17 in. (0.3 and 0.4 m
34、).6.5 Restraining Devices, for coating sheet substrates whileusing knife applicators, restraining devices are required tomaintain flatness.6.5.1 Machinists Flat Magnetic Table, recommended size 8by 17 in. (0.2 by 0.4 m). (For steel only.)6.5.2 Vacuum Table, minimum size 8 by 17 in. (0.2 by 0.4m).6.5
35、.3 Whenever restraining devices in 6.5.1 and 6.5.2 arenot available and knife applicators are to be used, sheetsubstrates can be rendered flat by taping their back sides to theplate-glass with 1 in. (25 mm) wide double-coated pressure-sensitive tape. The tape selected should allow removal of theshee
36、ts without creasing them.6.6 Pressure-Application EquipmentSeveral methods forthe application of pressure are provided. Selection is made bythe user on the basis of field-use requirements.6.6.1 Static-Pressure-Application EquipmentHydraulicpress: minimum capacity 5000 lb (23 000 N); minimum platensi
37、ze 8 by 12 in. (0.2 by 0.3 m). Preferably, one of the platensshould be mounted on a self-aligning joint. Both platens shallbe ground flat and checked for parallelism and flatness with amachinists straightedge.6.6.2 RollersSteel rollers must be mounted on freelyrotating axles; ball-bearing mounts are
38、 preferable. The rollerdesign should conform generally with Fig. 3. Either of the tworollers specified may be used: a heavy roller 6 in. in diameterand 4 in. wide (155 mm in diameter by 100 mm wide)weighing 33 6 1.0 lb (15 6 0.5 kg); or a light roller 4-in.diameter and 2.5 in. wide (100-mm diameter
39、by 64 mm wide)weighing 10 6 0.5 lb (4.5 6 0.25 kg).6.6.3 Impact-Application EquipmentThe Bellows impactpress consisting of a series B772-006 arbour stand and a“Bellows Air Motor” Series B8013.5The “Bellows” impactpress is shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.6.7 Surfacing Machines for Solid WoodThe following
40、twotypes of wood-working machines are required to make solid-wood specimens that are flat and of an even thickness.6.7.1 A wood planer, sometimes referred to as a thicknessplaner. Any high-speed wood planer capable of producing avisibly smooth surface, free of any ripples or waves, and planksof equa
41、l thickness from end to end shall be acceptable.6.7.2 A jointer-planer of sufficient width to accommodate8-in. (20-cm) planks and that can be aligned to produce flatplanks.6.8 Test FixturesThe fixtures described in the ASTMstandards referenced in Section 2 were modified for thepurposes of these test
42、 methods.5This equipment can be purchased from Bellows-Valvair, Akron, Ohio 44309.Also from the same company offices in Glendale, CA 91201 and Toronto, Canada.FIG. 2 Applicator Placed on Material for CoatingFIG. 3 Standard Steel RollerD1995 92 (2011)36.8.1 The climbing drum prescribed in Test Method
43、 D1781has been modified according to Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9.The grooves in the drum customize it for use with the fixturein Fig. 8 by allowing the retaining lips on the fixturing deviceto fit into the grooves. This will unbalance the drum, but sincecontrols are run and these are subtracted f
44、rom the test results,the effect of the unbalance is nullified. The fixture in Fig. 8 isalso a modification of the fixture in Fig. 4 of Test MethodD1781. It does not require pre-drilling the test specimens.6.8.2 The fixture required for the cleavage test, Fig. 10,isamodification of the fixture in Fig
45、. 1 of Test Method D1062.6.9 Machinists StraightedgeA 12-in. (300-mm) machin-ists straightedge (generally available from machinists shops)is required. One of the lengthwise edges must be bevelled.7. Test Materials7.1 Checking Flatness of MaterialsLay the bevelled edgeof a machinists straightedge on
46、the material perpendicular toits surface and along its width. While shining a bright lightbehind the straightedge, inspect the line of contact between theedge and the material. If the material is flat, no light shouldshine through. Make repeat observations at 2-in. (50-mm)intervals lengthwise. See F
47、ig. 11.7.1.1 Material DimensionsSee Table 1.7.2 Selection and Preparation of Maple BlocksSelecthard maple blocks, kiln-dried, (Acer saccharum or Acernigrum) having a minimum specific gravity of 0.65 based onoven-dry weight and volume, from planks that are of straightgrain, that is, grain that runs p
48、arallel to the length of the plank,and free from defects including knots, birdseye, cross grain,FIG. 4 The Bellows Air Valve Used for Impacting Peel SpecimensFIG. 5 Ball and Platen AssemblyNOTE 1Figures 6 and 7 show a drum that has been grooved to take inthe fixturing lips of the fixture in Figs. 8
49、and 9.FIG. 6 Climbing Peel DrumFIG. 7 Dimensions of Climbing Peel DrumD1995 92 (2011)4decay, and any unusual discoloration. (See also Test MethodD905.) Select pre-surfaced wood that is reasonably flat. Tofacilitate meeting the flatness requirements, condition the woodto be cut or surfaced to equilibrium moisture content at thesame relative humidity and temperature selected for the coatingoperation. The cutting operations need not be performed underthese temperature and humidity conditions, but it is stronglyadvised that the wood to be cut should be
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