1、Designation: D1995 92 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Methods forMulti-Modal Strength Testing of Autohesives (ContactAdhesives)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1995; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures by which autohe-sives can be tested in four commonly practiced stre
3、ssingmodes, namely: compression shear, cleavage, climbing drumpeel, and T-peel, and in various combinations of rigid-to-rigid,flexible-to-rigid, and flexible-to-flexible adherends that includewood, aluminum, steel flakeboard, and plastic laminates.Quantitative test methods that involve bond formatio
4、n byimpact are also provided. Three pressure modes are provided:static, roller, and impact. Because there are many types ofcontact adhesives being used to bond many different materialsunder widely differing conditions, these test methods aredesigned to allow the user to select the test mode, coating
5、thickness, temperature and relative humidity conditions, pres-sure magnitude and mode, open time, and bond-conditioningtime.1.1.1 The bond-formation process used with autohesives isunlike that of all other adhesives and in consequence, testing ofautohesives requires methods that are unlike those pro
6、vided byother ASTM standards. See Annex A1.1.2 A choice of adherends is available in each test mode.The combination of adherends that can be bonded together islimited to those shown in Appendix X1.1.3 Methods for application of pressure are available in eachtest mode. For a particular combination of
7、 substrates, themeans available for application of pressure are limited to thoseshown in Appendix X2.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not cons
8、idered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitati
9、ons prior to use.Specific precautionary statements are given in 7.5.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-me
10、ndations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D905 Test Method for Strength Properties of AdhesiveBonds in Shear by Compression LoadingD907 Terminology of AdhesivesD1062 Test Method for Cleavage Strength of Metal
11、-to-Metal Adhesive BondsD1151 Practice for Effect of Moisture and Temperature onAdhesive BondsD1781 Test Method for Climbing Drum Peel for AdhesivesD1876 Test Method for Peel Resistance of Adhesives (T-Peel Test)D2651 Guide for Preparation of Metal Surfaces forAdhesiveBondingE4 Practices for Force V
12、erification of Testing Machines3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Many terms in these test methods are defined inTerminology D907.3.1.2 autohesion, nadhesion developed by interdiffusionof the molecules of two solid surfaces of the same material andconsequent obliteration of the interface between th
13、em.3.1.3 autohesive, nan adhesive possessing the property ofautohesion. (Also called contact-bond adhesive and dry-bondadhesive.)3.1.4 shear strength, nin adhesive joint, the maximumaverage stress when a force is applied parallel to the joint.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Co
14、mmittee D14 onAdhesives and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.70 on Construc-tion Adhesives.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D1995 92 (2011).DOI: 10.1520/D1995-92R17.2For referenced A
15、STM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoh
16、ocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organ
17、ization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.4.1 DiscussionIn most adhesive test methods, theshear strength is actually the maximum average stress at failureof the specimen, not necessarily the true maximum stress in thematerial.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 au
18、tohesive (contact) failure, na condition in whichno contact appears to have occurred between the two layers ofautohesive, as evidence by visual inspection of the specimenafter destructive testing.3.2.2 bond-conditioning time, nthe time elapsed betweenmaking the bonded assembly and testing it or spec
19、imens madefrom it.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 The autohesive is conditioned to the temperature se-lected for the coating application, the substrates are surfacedflat, precut or cleaned, or both, as required, and then condi-tioned to the temperature and humidity preselected for thecoating applicati
20、on. Under controlled temperature andhumidity, a film of autohesive of predetermined wet-filmthickness is coated on to the substrates, and allowed to dry forthe duration of the open-assembly time. The coated materialsare brought together with light finger pressure, and bondedassemblies are made by ap
21、plying pressure. Pressure may beapplied in one of three ways: static, impact, or roller. Assem-blies are conditioned in a controlled environment for a speci-fied time, the bond-conditioning time. Assemblies are cut intospecimens where required. Assemblies requiring no cutting, orprecut specimens, ar
22、e tested destructively in either of the fourmodes described in Sections 8, 9, 10, and 11.5. Significance and Use5.1 The application procedures in these test methods yieldfilms free of the irregularities, artifacts, and variations inherentin brushing, spraying, or trowelling. Accordingly, these testm
23、ethods measure the strength of autohesive bonds betweentwo autohesive films whose topography is characteristic of theautohesive itself rather than the artifacts of the applicationprocedure. It is recommended that this information be consid-ered in extrapolating results from these test methods.5.2 Th
24、e magnitude of the measured bond strengths alsodepends on other factors such as film thickness, the manner inwhich pressure is applied, the magnitude and duration of theapplication of pressure, and the temperature and humidity atvarious stages of the test.Accordingly, these parameters shouldbe chose
25、n in a manner consistent with the end use of theautohesive.5.3 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reportedresults when using these test methods for acceptance testing ofcommercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier shouldconduct comparative tests to diagnose the causes for lack
26、ofrepeatability between their laboratories. Competent statisticalassistance is recommended for the investigation of precision.As a minimum, the two parties should select a group of testspecimens and visually examine their failure modes. Theaverage results from the two laboratories should then becomp
27、ared using Students t-test for unpaired data and anacceptable probability level should be chosen by the twoparties before testing is begun.6. Apparatus6.1 Testing Machines:6.1.1 Test Methods D905, D1062, D1781, D1876, andGuide D2651 independently specify the testing machine rel-evant to these test m
28、ethods.6.1.2 To perform all tests in these test methods, the testingmachine must meet the following requirements:6.1.2.1 Capability of performing tests in tension and com-pression; load range 4400 lb (2000 N).6.1.2.2 Rate of movement of the cross-head must be con-stant and independent of any fluctua
29、tion of the load.6.1.2.3 A range of cross-head speeds from 0.05 in./min(1.27 mm/min) to 2 in./min, (50 mm/min).6.1.2.4 The machine must be provided with a load-ratecontroller capable of controlling the load rate from 600 to 700lbf/min (2700 to 3200 N/min).6.1.2.5 Autographic equipment to record the
30、load-versus-head movement.6.1.3 Verification of the testing equipment may be made inaccordance with the recommendations of Practices E4.6.2 Equipment for Environmental Temperature and Humid-ity ControlEquipment must be capable of maintaining rela-tive humidity within 62 % of the selected value, and
31、tempera-ture within 62F (61C) of the selected value.6.3 ApplicatorsFixed or variable-gap applicators, com-monly called knife applicators, may be used. The knife design,shown in Fig. 13or similar applicators provided with sideguide arms at least 1 in. (25 mm) long, are preferred.Applicators shall be
32、wide enough for the guide arms to ride onthe rider pieces and at least 1 in. (25 mm), away from the edgeof center substrate during application, as in Fig. 2. Wide-wound-rod applicators may also be used for deposition of wetfilms 0.002 to 0.010 in. (0.051 to 0.254 mm) thick. Theseapplicators obviate
33、the need for restraining devices to maintainflatness of sheet substrates while coating and are generally3Available from Precision Gage and Tool Co., Dayton, Ohio 45410.FIG. 1 One Type of Knife ApplicatorD1995 92 (2017)2preferred over knife applicators provided the required wet-filmthickness does not
34、 exceed 0.01 in. (0.254 mm). The wide-wound portion of the rod should be at least 2 in. (50 mm)longer than the adherend width. The wet-film thickness depos-ited by all wide-wound-rod applicators is not predictable fromthe diameter of the wire. Consult the manufacturers data.46.4 Float-Glass Plate,14
35、 in. (6 mm) minimum thickness,minimum width and length 12 and 17 in. (0.3 and 0.4 m).6.5 Restraining Devices, for coating sheet substrates whileusing knife applicators, restraining devices are required tomaintain flatness.6.5.1 MachinistsFlat Magnetic Table, recommended size 8by 17 in. (0.2 by 0.4 m
36、). (For steel only.)6.5.2 Vacuum Table, minimum size 8 by 17 in. (0.2 by 0.4m).6.5.3 Whenever restraining devices in 6.5.1 and 6.5.2 arenot available and knife applicators are to be used, sheetsubstrates can be rendered flat by taping their back sides to theplate-glass with 1 in. (25 mm) wide double
37、-coated pressure-sensitive tape. The tape selected should allow removal of thesheets without creasing them.6.6 Pressure-Application EquipmentSeveral methods forthe application of pressure are provided. Selection is made bythe user on the basis of field-use requirements.6.6.1 Static-Pressure-Applicat
38、ion EquipmentHydraulicpress: minimum capacity 5000 lb (23 000 N); minimum platensize 8 by 12 in. (0.2 by 0.3 m). Preferably, one of the platensshould be mounted on a self-aligning joint. Both platens shallbe ground flat and checked for parallelism and flatness with amachinists straightedge.6.6.2 Rol
39、lersSteel rollers must be mounted on freelyrotating axles; ball-bearing mounts are preferable. The rollerdesign should conform generally with Fig. 3. Either of the tworollers specified may be used: a heavy roller 6 in. in diameterand 4 in. wide (155 mm in diameter by 100 mm wide)weighing 33 6 1.0 lb
40、 (15 6 0.5 kg); or a light roller 4-in.diameter and 2.5 in. wide (100-mm diameter by 64 mm wide)weighing 10 6 0.5 lb (4.5 6 0.25 kg).6.6.3 Impact-Application EquipmentThe Bellows impactpress consisting of a series B772-006 arbour stand and a“Bellows Air Motor” Series B8013.5The “Bellows” impactpress
41、 is shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.4Wire-wound applicators are available from the Leneta Co., PO Box 576Ho-Ho-Kus, NJ 07423, from Byk Mallinckrodt Chemische Producte, 4230 WesselPostfach 245, West Germany, and from Paul Gardner and Co. Inc., 218-DCommercial Blvd., Suite 205, Lauderdale-by-the-Sea, FL 33
42、308-4491.5This equipment can be purchased from Bellows-Valvair, Akron, Ohio 44309.Also from the same company offices in Glendale, CA 91201 and Toronto, Canada.FIG. 2 Applicator Placed on Material for CoatingFIG. 3 Standard Steel RollerD1995 92 (2017)36.7 Surfacing Machines for Solid WoodThe followin
43、g twotypes of wood-working machines are required to make solid-wood specimens that are flat and of an even thickness.6.7.1 A wood planer, sometimes referred to as a thicknessplaner. Any high-speed wood planer capable of producing avisibly smooth surface, free of any ripples or waves, and planksof eq
44、ual thickness from end to end shall be acceptable.6.7.2 A jointer-planer of sufficient width to accommodate8-in. (20-cm) planks and that can be aligned to produce flatplanks.6.8 Test FixturesThe fixtures described in the ASTMstandards referenced in Section 2 were modified for thepurposes of these te
45、st methods.6.8.1 The climbing drum prescribed in Test Method D1781has been modified according to Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9.The grooves in the drum customize it for use with the fixturein Fig. 8 by allowing the retaining lips on the fixturing deviceto fit into the grooves. This will unbalance th
46、e drum, but sincecontrols are run and these are subtracted from the test results,the effect of the unbalance is nullified. The fixture in Fig. 8 isalso a modification of the fixture in Fig. 4 of Test MethodD1781. It does not require pre-drilling the test specimens.6.8.2 The fixture required for the
47、cleavage test, Fig. 10,isamodification of the fixture in Fig. 1 of Test Method D1062.6.9 Machinists StraightedgeA 12-in. (300-mm) machin-ists straightedge (generally available from machinists shops)is required. One of the lengthwise edges must be bevelled.7. Test Materials7.1 Checking Flatness of Ma
48、terialsLay the bevelled edgeof a machinists straightedge on the material perpendicular toits surface and along its width. While shining a bright lightbehind the straightedge, inspect the line of contact between theedge and the material. If the material is flat, no light shouldshine through. Make rep
49、eat observations at 2-in. (50-mm)intervals lengthwise. See Fig. 11.7.1.1 Material DimensionsSee Table 1.7.2 Selection and Preparation of Maple BlocksSelect hardmaple blocks, kiln-dried, (Acer saccharum or Acer nigrum)having a minimum specific gravity of 0.65 based on oven-dryweight and volume, from planks that are of straight grain, thatis, grain that runs parallel to the length of the plank, and freefrom defects including knots, birdseye, cross grain, decay, andany unusual discoloration. (See also Test Method D905.) Selectpre-surfaced wood that is rea
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