1、Designation: D 202 97 (2002)e1An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Untreated Paper Used for ElectricalInsulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 202; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or
2、, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.e1NOTEEdi
3、torial changes made to footnotes 13-15, and Section 1 September 2002.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling andtesting untreated paper to be used as an electrical insulator oras a constituent of a composite material used for electricalinsulating purposes.1.1.1 Untreated papers
4、are thin, fibrous sheets normally laiddown from a water suspension of pulped fibers (usuallycellulosic), which may contain various amounts of nonfibrousingredients, and which are calendared, if required, to obtaindesired thickness and density. Nevertheless, these test methodsare applicable, generall
5、y although not invariably, to papersformed by other means, to papers modified (during or afterformation) by additions, and to papers given subsequentmechanical treatments such as creping.1.1.2 As an electrical insulating and dielectric material,paper is considered “untreated” until it is subjected t
6、o amanufacturing process such as drying, impregnation, or var-nish treatment.1.1.3 The test methods given herein were developed spe-cifically for papers having a thickness of 0.75 mm (0.030 in.)or less. A number of these test methods are also suitable for useon other materials such as pulps or board
7、s. Refer to TestMethods D 3376 or Methods D 3394 to determine which testsare applicable to pulps or electrical insulating boards. In thepaper industry, some products in thicknesses of less than 0.75mm are termed “paperboard”. Such products are includedwithin the scope of these methods.1.1.4 These te
8、st methods are applicable to flexiblefibrous-mat materials formed from suspensions of fiber influids other than water. These mats may have thicknessesapproaching 2 mm, and may contain fibers that are natural,synthetic, organic, or inorganic; fillers that are natural, syn-thetic, organic, or inorgani
9、c; and flexible polymeric bindermaterials.1.2 The procedures appear in the following sections:Procedure SectionsASTM or TAPPIReference(Modified)Absorption (Rise of Water) 78 to 83 .Acidity-Alkalinity-pH 45 to 54 E 70Air Resistance 98 to 101 D 726Aqueous Extract Conductivity 55 to 64 .Ash Content 40
10、to 44 D 586Bursting Strength 102 to 107 D 774Chlorides (Water-Extractable) 165 to 183 .Conditioning 15 D 6054Conducting Paths 138 to 151 .Density, Apparent 29 to 33 .Dielectric Strength 152 to 157 D 149Dimensions of Sheet, Rolls andCores16 to 24 D 374Dissipation Factor and Permittivity 158 to 164 D
11、150Edge-Tearing Resistance 126 to 130 D 827Fiber Analysis 74 to 77 D 1030Folding Endurance 108 to 110 T 423 and D2176Grammage 25 to 28 D 646Permittivity 158 to 164 D 150Heat Stability in Air 131 to 137 D 827Impregnation Time 84 to 91 .Internal-Tearing Resistance 121 to 125 D 689 or T414Moisture Cont
12、ent 34 to 39 D 644 and D3277Particulate Copper 193 to 202 .Particulate Iron 184 to 192 .Reagents 4 D 1193Reports 14 E 29Sampling 6 to 13 D 3636Silver Tarnishing by Paper andPaperboard203 to 206 T 444Solvent-Soluble Matter 65 to 73 .Surface Friction 92 to 97 D 528 and T455Tensile Properties 111 to 12
13、0 D 76, E4Thickness (see Dimensions) 16 to 24 D 3741.3 The tests for Holes and Felt Hair Inclusions and theStain Test for Fine Pores, have been removed from thiscompilation of test methods. These test methods were specificto grades of capacitor paper formerly covered by SpecificationD 1930, which ha
14、s been withdrawn.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElectrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D09.19 on Dielectric Sheet and Roll Products.Current edition approved March 10, 1997. Published March 1998. Original
15、lypublished as D 202 24 T. Last previous edition D 202 92.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 1This compilation of test methods is closely related to IECPublication 60554-2. Not all of the individual methods included
16、 herein areincluded in IEC 60554-2, nor are all of the methods in IEC 60554-2included in this standard. The individual procedures as described in thetwo standards are in general sufficiently close to each other that it isreasonable to expect that test results obtained by most of the proceduresspecif
17、ied in either standard will not differ significantly. However, beforeassuming that a procedure in these test methods is exactly equivalent to anIEC 60554-2 procedure, the written procedures should be comparedclosely, and if it seems advisable, test results by the two procedures shouldbe compared.1.4
18、 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 43.2.1, 71.1,
19、143.1, 148.1 and 156.1 for specific hazards.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-tiles2D 149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage andDielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materialsat Commercial Power Frequencies3D 150
20、Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Per-mittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulat-ing Materials3D 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lation3D 528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper andPaperboard4D 586 Test Method for Ash in Paper4D 644 Test Met
21、hod for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven Drying4D 646 Test Method for Grammage of Paper and Paperboard(Weight Per Unit Area)4D 689 Test Method for Internal Tearing Resistance of Pa-per4D 726 Test Method for Resistance of Nonporous Paper toPassage of Air4D 774 Test Method for Bursting
22、Strength of Paper4D 827 Test Method for Edge-Tearing Resistance of Paper5D 1030 Test Method for Fiber Analysis of Paper and Paper-board4D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water6D 1389 Test Method for Proof-Voltage Testing of ThinSolid Insulating Materials3D 1677 Methods for Sampling and Testing Untrea
23、ted MicaPaper Used for Electrical Insulation3D 1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation3D 2176 Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by theM.I.T. Tester4D 2413 Test Methods for Preparation and Electrical Testingof Insulating Paper and Board Impregnated with a LiquidDielectric3D 2753 S
24、pecification for Electrolytic Capacitor Paper3D 2865 Practice for Calibration of Standards and Equip-ment for Electrical Insulating Materials Testing7D 3277 Test Method for Moisture Content of Oil-Impregnated Cellulosic Insulation8D 3376 Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Pulps to beUsed in the Ma
25、nufacture of Electrical Insulation7D 3394 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing ElectricalInsulating Board7D 3636 Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of SolidElectrical Insulating Materials7D 6054 Practice for Conditioning Electrical Insulating Ma-terials for Testing7E 4 Practices for Force Ve
26、rification of Testing Machines9E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications10E 70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions with theGlass Electrode112.2 TAPPI Standards:12T 413 Ash in Paper and PaperboardT 414 Internal Tearing Resistance of PaperT
27、 423 Folding Endurance of Paper (Schopper Type Test)T 444 Silver Tarnishing by Paper and PaperboardT 455 Identification of Wire Side of PaperT 470 Edge Tearing Resistance of Paper2.3 IEC Standard:IEC 60554-2 Specification for cellulosic papers for electri-cal purposesPart 2: Methods of test133. Term
28、inology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions pertaining to sampling refer to Termi-nology D 1711 or to Practice D 3636.3.1.2 For definitions pertaining to dissipation factor andpermittivity refer to Terminology D 1711 or to Test MethodsD 150.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 a
29、ir resistance, of paper, na paper property whichquantifies impediment to the transverse passage of air throughthe paper under specific conditions of test, and reported aseither time for a specified volume per area of test or volume fora specified time per area of test.3.2.1.1 DiscussionIt is express
30、ed in terms of time (sec-onds) required for passage of a specified volume of air througha known area of paper, or, as the volume of air passing throughthe paper in a given length of time.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standard
31、s, Vol 15.09.5Discontinued 1981. See Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.7Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.02.8Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.03.9Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.10Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.11Annual Bo
32、ok of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05.12Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, 15Technology Parkway, S., Norcross, GA 30092.13Available from Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way, EastEnglewood, CO 80112-5704.D 202 97 (2002)e123.2.2 ash content of paper, nthe sol
33、id residue remainingafter combustion of the paper under specified conditions,expressed as a percentage of the dry mass of the originalspecimen.3.2.3 basis weight of papersee grammage of paper.3.2.4 bursting strength of paper, nthe hydrostatic pressurerequired to produce rupture of a circular area of
34、 the materialunder specified test procedures.3.2.5 coverage of paper, nthe reciprocal of grammage (orbasis weight).3.2.6 elongation of paper, nthe maximum tensile straindeveloped in the test specimen before break in a tension testunder prescribed conditions, calculated as the ratio of theincrease in
35、 length of the test specimen to the original test span,and expressed as a percentage.3.2.6.1 DiscussionIt is calculated as the ratio of theincrease in length of the test specimen to the original test span,and is expressed as a percentage.3.2.7 folding endurance of paper, nthe resistance tofatigue re
36、sulting from repeated folding under specified condi-tions of test, expressed as the number of double folds requiredto rupture a specimen, or as the logarithm of that number.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe level is expressed as the number ofdouble folds required to rupture a specimen. Sometimes thelevel is exp
37、ressed as the logarithm of the number.3.2.8 grammage of paper, nthe mass per unit area ofpaper, expressed as grams per square metre.3.2.8.1 DiscussionGrammage is sometimes called weightor basis weight of paper. These terms are most frequently usedwhen non-metric units are used, and the area is that
38、of thepaper in one of the several standard reams of papers definedwithin the paper industry.3.2.9 impregnation time of paper, nthe time in secondsrequired for a liquid of specified composition and viscosity topenetrate completely from one face of a sheet of paper to theother under certain prescribed
39、 conditions.3.2.10 internal tearing resistance of paper, nthe forcerequired to continue a previously-initiated tear across a speci-fied distance in a single thickness of paper, expressed as theaverage force per sheet to tear one or more sheets together.3.2.10.1 DiscussionIt is indicated on the speci
40、fied appa-ratus and reported as the average force per sheet to tear one ormore sheets together across a specified distance.3.2.11 loss on ignition of inorganic fiber paper, nthevolatile and combustible fraction of a paper, expressed as apercentage of the original dry mass lost upon ignition, using a
41、specified procedure.3.2.11.1 DiscussionIt is expressed as a percentage of theoriginal dry weight lost upon ignition, and is usually usedinstead of ash content when dealing with papers which areprincipally composed of inorganic fibers.3.2.12 solvent-soluble material in paper, n the mass ofmaterial th
42、at can be extracted from a dry specimen by aspecified solvent under prescribed conditions, expressed as apercentage of the original dry mass.3.2.13 kinetic surface friction of paper, n the ratio of theforce parallel to the surfaces of two pieces of paper in contactwith each other to the force normal
43、 to the surfaces required tocontinue previously-initiated movement relative to each otherat constant speed.3.2.13.1 DiscussionThe test may be made using a paper-covered block on a paper-covered inclined plane, in which casethe result is expressed in degrees of angle of inclination of theplane which
44、will cause the block to continue an initiatedmovement.3.2.14 tensile energy absorption of paper (TEA), nthework performed when a paper specimen is stressed to break intension under prescribed conditions, as measured by theintegral of the tensile stress over the range of tensile strain fromzero to th
45、e strain corresponding to maximum stress, expressedas energy (work) per unit of original surface area of the testspecimen.3.2.14.1 DiscussionThe TEA is expressed as energy(work) per unit of original surface area (length 3 width) of thetest specimen.3.2.15 tensile strength of paper, nthe maximum tens
46、ilestress developed in a test specimen in a tension test carried tobreak under prescribed conditions, expressed for thin papers asforce per unit original width of the test specimen.3.2.15.1 DiscussionTensile stress is the force per unit oforiginal cross-sectional area, but in thin materials such as
47、paperit is commonly expressed in terms of force per unit of originalwidth.3.2.16 thickness of an electrical insulating material, ntheperpendicular distance between the two surfaces of interest,determined in accordance with a standard method.3.2.16.1 DiscussionThe thickness of papers under 0.05mm (0.
48、002 in.) in thickness, is often defined as one tenth thatof a stack of ten sheets in certain paper specifications.3.2.17 water extract conductivity of paper, nthe apparentvolume conductivity at 60 Hz of a specimen of water that hasbeen used to dissolve water-soluble impurities from a specimenof pape
49、r under prescribed conditions.4. Reagents4.1 Purity of ReagentsUse reagent grade chemicals in alltests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagentsconform to the specifications of the Committee on AnalyticalReagents of the American Chemical Society, where suchspecifications are available.14Other grades are acceptable,provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.4.2 Purity of WaterExcept where otherwise indicated, usereagent water, Ty
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