1、Designation: D 2063 91 (Reapproved 2002)Standard Test Methods forMeasurement of Torque Retention for Packages withContinuous Thread Closures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2063; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods evaluate the torque retention ofcontinuous thread closures on contai
3、ners, with matching fin-ishes, for predetermined environmental conditions over time.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and
4、 determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-ments2D 3198 Test Method for Application and Removal Torqueof Threaded or Lug-Style Closures2D 3474 Practice for the Calibration and
5、Use of TorqueMeters Used in Packaging Applications2D 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and Systems2D 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages orPackaging Components for Testing2E 41 Terminology Relating to Conditioning3E 171 Specification for Standard Atmospher
6、es for Condi-tioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Materials2E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of general packaging and distributionterms, see Terminology D 996.3.1.2 For definitions of
7、 application torque and removaltorque, see Test Method D 3198.3.1.3 For Definitions regarding conditioning, see Terminol-ogy E 41.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 immediate removal torqueremoval torque that ismeasured at a stated interval, from 1 to 5 min after closureapplica
8、tion.3.2.2 torque retentiona comparison between removaltorque at the end of a test period and a predeterminedimmediate removal torque.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 Test Method A: Static EvaluationAt predeterminedtime intervals, the removal torques of representative samples ofa container/continuous t
9、hread closure system, previouslystored at various environmental conditions, are measured.4.2 Test Method B: Dynamic EvaluationPractice D 4169is used to develop a uniform system of evaluating the ability ofprimary packages, in the shipping units, to withstand thedistribution environment. At the end o
10、f predetermined distri-bution cycles, the removal torques of representative samples ofa container/continuous thread closure system are measured.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method allows for the measurement of thetorque retention properties of container/continuous thread clo-sure systems of
11、various designs, materials, and manufacture,and is suitable for packaging development and engineeringevaluation.5.2 This test method can be used for the evaluation ofcontainer/continuous thread closure systems under controlledconditions (where the application torque is known and theapplied downward
12、force to the closure is zero).6. Apparatus6.1 Torque Meter, with an appropriate scale that accuratelymeasures within the expected torque range for the particularcontainer/continuous thread closure system to be evaluated.6.1.1 A spring torque meter, if used, will have a scale wherethe anticipated tor
13、que readings are not less than one-third of themaximum range of the scale for the container/continuous1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.31 on ChildResistant Packaging.Current edition approved June 15
14、, 1991. Published August 1991.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.thread closure system to be evaluated. Torque results will beavailable
15、in a visual format.6.1.2 A digital or automated torque instrument, if used, willhave an appropriate design and scale capacity for the container/continuous thread closure system to be evaluated. Torqueresults will be available in either electronic display or printoutformats.6.1.3 A torque wrench, if
16、used, will have an appropriatedesign and capacity capable of providing a reading within theanticipated range for the container/continuous thread closuresystem to be evaluated. Torque results will be available in avisual format.7. Sampling and Test Specimens7.1 Measure no less than ten test specimens
17、 for each torquemeasurement point per test variable. See Note 1.7.2 Select previously unused continuous thread closures andcontainers as test specimens.8. Calibration8.1 Calibrate spring torque meters in accordance with theprocedures of Practice D 3474.8.2 Calibrate digital, automated torque instrum
18、ents ortorque wrenches in accordance with manufacturers recommen-dations.9. Conditioning and Preparation of Test Specimens9.1 Perform test specimen conditioning in accordance withSpecification E 171 and Practice D 4332.9.2 Fill all of the containers with the specified volume orweight of product, or
19、other materials that yield similar weightand thermal characteristics. See Note 2.NOTE 1The total quantity of test specimens sampled will dependupon the method selected and the number of environmental storageconditions.NOTE 2Given the purpose of the evaluation, empty containers may beused as an optio
20、n to filled containers.10. Procedure (See Note 3.)10.1 Test A: Static Evaluation:10.1.1 Select the minimum application torque for thecontainer/continuous thread system as recommended by theclosure manufacturer. (For example, the U.S. Pharmacopaeia,the Society for the Plastics Industry, the Glass Con
21、tainerManufacturers Institute, or other sources.)10.1.2 Firmly position the container or closure in such amanner that the axis of rotation of the closure is concentricwith the center of the torque measuring device. See Note 4.10.1.2.1 Exercise care in positioning the container or clo-sure to prevent
22、 distortion of either component.NOTE 3Under certain conditions of product-filling, storage and dis-tribution, it may be desirable to combine appropriate segments of TestMethod A and Test Method B.NOTE 4It is recommended that one operator, and a single torqueinstrument be used to apply all closures i
23、n any one test to reduce possibleoperator/instrument inconsistencies and variabilities.10.1.3 Avoiding contact with the fixed component, grip themovable component (normally the continuous thread closure)and rotate it at a constant and uniform rate, in a tighteningdirection, to the predetermined appl
24、ication torque.10.1.4 Release the movable component (normally the con-tinuous thread closure) upon reaching the desired torque. SeeNote 5.10.1.5 Apply the balance of the closures or containers to thematching components as directed in 10.1.2, 10.1.3, and 10.1.4.10.1.6 Store the assembled test specime
25、ns as appropriate inaccordance with Specification E 171 or Practice D 4332.10.1.6.1 Maintain one group of test specimens as a controlby storing this group at ambient laboratory conditions.NOTE 5The application torque range is usually determined on thebasis of the desired removal torque range.10.1.6.
26、2 Maintain, as appropriate, one or more groups oftest specimens at constant temperatures different than ambientlaboratory conditions. If desired, cycling at various tempera-ture and relative humidity conditions may be performed. SeeNote 6.10.1.7 At the end of each predetermined time period,determine
27、 the removal torque for each test sample.10.1.7.1 Determine the removal torques either at ambientlaboratory conditions or at the alternative temperature andrelative humidity conditions.10.1.7.2 The following test intervals are recommended:immediate (between 1 and 5 minutes), 24 h, 48 h, 7 days, 14da
28、ys, and 28 days.NOTE 6Sterilization cycles, if applied, using steam, ethylene oxide,gamma radiation, or other methods are known to affect certain plastics;these effects may influence removal torques.10.1.8 Determine the removal torque for each test specimenby firmly positioning either the container
29、or the continuousthread closure in such a manner that the axis of rotation of theclosure is concentric with the center of the measuring device.See Note 7.10.1.8.1 Exercise care in positioning the container or con-tinuous thread closure to prevent distortion of either compo-nent.10.1.9 Avoiding conta
30、ct with the fixed component, grip themovable component (normally the continuous thread closure),and rotate it uniformly, at a constant rate, in a looseningdirection until the continuous thread closure rotates freely.Note the maximum torque required to loosen the closure andrecord this value for the
31、test specimen.NOTE 7It is recommended that one operator, and a single torqueinstrument, be used to remove all closures in a given test to reducepossible operator/instrument inconsistencies and variabilities.10.1.10 Record the maximum torque required to loosen theclosure for each remaining specimen.1
32、0.1.11 Remove the balance of the movable components(normally the continuous thread closures) as directed in 10.1.8and 10.1.9.10.2 Test Method B: Dynamic Evaluation:10.2.1 Follow the procedures of Practice D 4169 for recom-mendations relevant to the number of test specimens, condi-tioning, and distri
33、bution cycles to be used to evaluate these testspecimens.D 2063 91 (2002)210.2.2 Follow Section 8 on Calibration for test equipmentcalibration.10.2.3 Follow Section 10 on Procedure (Test Method A) forrecommendations concerning continuous thread closure appli-cation.10.2.4 Begin evaluation of a selec
34、ted distribution cycle afterimmediate removal torque has been determined and before anyadditional long-term storage, if long-term storage is desired.(Testing may be determined following distribution cycling withremoval torques noted.)11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Identificat
35、ion of the test method used.11.1.2 Identification of the continuous thread closure andcontainer manufacturer(s), the material(s) of construction ofthe closure (including any liner, liner coating, and additionalsealing components), and the container (including any coatingor annealing agents).11.1.3 T
36、hread finish and other designation(s) of the continu-ous thread closure and the container.11.1.4 Description of test specimen preparation.11.1.5 Description of storage conditions.11.1.6 Description of distribution cycles and handling con-ditions.11.1.7 Description of the test area environment.11.1.8
37、 Number of test replicates.11.1.9 Application torque range and mean value for eachtest condition variable.11.1.10 Removal torque range and mean value for each testcondition variable.11.1.11 Description of the torque instruments used.11.1.12 Description of the rate of rotation for the applicationtorq
38、ue (if available).11.1.13 Description of the rate of rotation for the removaltorque (if available).11.1.14 Evaluation of comparative results, if appropriate.11.1.15 Statement that testing was done in accordance withthis test method or a description of the difference(s) from thistest method.12. Preci
39、sion and Bias412.1 Precision:12.1.1 The repeatability and reproducibility are in accor-dance with the definitions of these terms in Practice E 691 (at95 % probability level). These values are based on an inter-laboratory study involving six laboratories each of whichmeasured removal torques of three
40、 different closures at therecommended six time intervals. (See Note 8.)12.1.2 Repeatability The difference between successiveremoval torque results, after 28 days of storage, obtained by thesame operator with the same equipment unit under constantoperating conditions on test packages from a single l
41、ot com-plying with given specifications, within a laboratory, wasdetermined to be as follows (see Note 9):TestPackage 1TestPackage 2TestPackage 3Average 5.97(0.68)8.04(0.92)8.09(0.92)Repeatability 0.74 1.06 1.91Standard deviation, Sr(within a laboratory)(0.08) (0.12) (0.22)95 % Limits 2.06 5.35 2.97
42、NOTE 8See Research Report RR:D10-1005 for a complete descrip-tion of the interlaboratory/intralaboratory evaluation of this test method.NOTE 9Initial values are expressed in torque inch pounds-force;values in parentheses are expressed in Newton-metres.12.1.3 Reproducibility The difference between su
43、ccessiveremoval torque results, after 28 days of storage, obtained bydifferent operators with different equipment units under con-stant operating conditions on test packages from a single lotcomplying with given specifications in different laboratories,was determined to be as follows (see Note 9):Te
44、stPackage 1TestPackage 2TestPackage 3Average 5.97(0.68)8.04(0.92)8.09(0.92)Reproducibility 1.992 2.932 2.605Standard deviation, SR(between laboratories)(0.23) (0.33) (0.29)95 % Limits 5.55 7.14 8.1712.2 BiasSince there is no accepted reference componentsuitable for determining the bias for the proce
45、dure in this testmethod for measuring torque retention, no statement on bias isbeing made.13. Keywords13.1 continuous thread closure; removal torque; retentionASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this stand
46、ard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be review
47、ed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible
48、 technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Cons
49、hohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D10-1005.D 2063 91 (2002)3
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