1、Designation: D 2130 90 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Test Method forDiameter of Wool and Other Animal Fibers byMicroprojection1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2130; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a
3、 procedure, using the micro-projector, for the determination of the average fiber diameterand the fiber diameter variation on wool and other animalfibers, such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, camels hair, etc.(Note 1) in their various forms.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas
4、 the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound unitsmay be approximate.NOTE 1This test method may also be applied to any fibers having around cross section and accordingly may be used many times formelt-spun man-made fibers such as polyamides, polyesters, and glass; alsoit may be applied to a l
5、imited number of polyacrylics and regeneratedcellulose type fibers. The values given in Appendix X1 for density andcorrection factors, however, apply only to wool and should not be used forother fibers. For suitable values for the density of other fibers, see Table5 in Test Methods D 629, Quantitati
6、ve Analysis of Textiles.NOTE 2In subsequent sections of this test method, the term “wool”also signifies mohair or other fibers if the circumstances are applicable.NOTE 3For fineness specifications for wool, wool top, mohair, mohairtop, alpaca, and cashmere, refer to Specifications D 3991 and D 3992,
7、Specification D 2252, Test Method D 2816.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitation
8、s prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 584 Test Method for Wool Content of Raw WoolLaboratory ScaleD 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of TextilesD 1060 Practice for Core Sampling of Raw Wool in Pack-ages for Determination of Percen
9、tage of Clean Wool FiberPresentD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 2252 Specification for Fineness of Types of AlpacaD 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD 2816 Test Method for Cashmere Coarse-Hair Content inCashmereD 2968 Test Method for Med and Kemp Fibers in Wool andOth
10、er Animal Fibers by MicroprojectionD 3992 Specifications for Fineness of Wool Top or MohairTop and Assignment of GradeE 380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units(SI) (the Modernized Metric System)2.2 Other Standards:Federal Standard, Official Standard of the United States forGrades o
11、f Wool, Section 31.0, Measurement Method forDetermining Grade of Wool, Section 31.2043IWTO-8-66(E) Method of Determining Wool Fiber Diam-eter by the Projection Microscope43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 average fiber diameter, n in wool and other animalfibers, the average width of a group of fib
12、ers when measured ona projected image.3.1.2 grade, nin wool and mohair, a numerical designa-tion used in classifying wool and mohair in their raw, semi-processed, and processed forms based on average fiber diam-eter and variation of fiber diameter.3.1.3 For definitions of other textile terms used in
13、 this testmethod, refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method describes procedures for samplingvarious forms of wool and other animal fibers, the reduction ofthe sample to small test specimens, and the measurement, at1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Com
14、mittee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and FeltCurrent edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 2130 90 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
15、www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Service and Regulatory Announcement, No. 135, U. S. Department of Agricul-ture, C but do notcard those from coring t
16、ubes smaller than 1.25 in. (30 mm)since loss of fiber may occur.8.1.3 Gridding and Machine BlendingFor samples otherthan those specified in 8.1.1 and 8.1.2, divide the sample into40 portions of approximately equal size. From each portiondraw at random a sufficient quantity of fiber to provide a test
17、specimen of 20 g. Scour or otherwise clean the test specimen,of grease or pulled wool. Homogenize the clean specimen bycarding 3 times, breaking the web, and feeding at right anglesafter the first and second passes; or by gilling 15 times,breaking, and combining the pieces of silver as required toma
18、intain a convenient length.8.2 Card Sliver Strip off portions of each of the ten 2-ft(600-mm) lengths of sliver (see 7.1.4). Combine these portionsto form a composite sliver about 2 ft in length. This constitutesthe test specimen.8.3 TopEach of the four sections of sliver comprising thesample (see 7
19、.1.5) constitutes a test specimen.8.4 YarnThe yarn sections (see 7.2) constitute the testspecimen.8.5 FabricThe undisturbed piece of fabric or the teasedout yarns of the fabric (see 7.2) constitute the test specimen.9. Calibration of Microprojector9.1 Adjust the microprojector to produce a magnifica
20、tion of5003 in the plane of the projected image. Do this by placinga stage micrometer on the stage of the microprojector andbringing the microscope into such adjustment that the lines ofthe micrometer are sharply focused in the center of the imageplane. An interval of 0.20 mm on the stage micrometer
21、 willthen measure 100 mm on the image plane, or 0.01 mm on themicrometer will measure 5 mm on the image plane. Allmeasurements must be made with the specimen in a plane atthe same distance from the stage as the lines on the stagemicrometer.10. Conditioning10.1 Precondition all test specimens to appr
22、oximate equi-librium in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of 10 to25 % and a temperature of not over 122F (50C), thencondition the samples for at least4hinthestandard atmo-sphere for testing textiles, 65 6 2 % relative humidity and 706 2F (21 6 1C), as directed in Practice D 1776.11. Test Pro
23、visions11.1 Separate observations shall be made by two operators.11.2 Each operator shall independently prepare at least oneslide for each test specimen.12. Preparation of Slides by Use of Heavy-Duty Cross-Section Device12.1 Compacting Specimen:12.1.1 Sliver Specimen At an area of the sliver, estima
24、tedto be a full fiber length or more from the end, place thespecimen in the slot of the metal plate, compress with the key,and secure with the set screw.FIG. 3 Wedge ScaleD 2130 90 (2008)412.1.2 Bulk Specimen Draw small quantities of fiber atrandom, pack the assemblage of fibers into the slot, compr
25、essand secure as directed in 12.1.1.12.1.3 Yarn Specimen Pack the assemblage of yarn piecesinto the slot, compress, and secure as directed in 12.1.1.12.1.4 Fabric Specimen Pack the assemblage of warp orfilling yarn pieces or diagonal cuts of fabric into the slot,compress, and secure as directed in 1
26、2.1.1. If it is known thatwarp and filling yarns are identical, make a diagonal cut ineach of the fabric samples. Segregate the warp and filling yarnswhen of different or unknown composition and when necessaryto determine diameter and dispersion for each.12.2 Preliminary Sectioning of SpecimenCut of
27、f thegripped fibers at the upper and under surfaces of the plate.Extrude the fiber bundle about 0.50 mm to take up slack in thefibers and the propulsion mechanism. Moisten the projectingfibers with a few drops of mounting medium. With a sharprazor blade, cut off this projecting fiber bundle flush wi
28、th theupper surface of the fiber-holding plate, and discard thesection.12.3 Final Sectioning of SpecimenAgain extrude the fiberbundle approximately 0.25 mm (250 m). With the razor blade,cut off the projecting fibers flush with the plate, leaving thefiber pieces adhering to the razor blade.12.4 Mount
29、ing the Fibers on the SlidePlace a few dropsof mounting medium on a clean glass slide. With a dissectingneedle, scrape the fiber pieces from the blade onto the slide.Thoroughly disperse the fibers in the oil with the dissectingneedle (Fig. 4), and cover the specimen with a cover glass.NOTE 5Use suff
30、icient oil in the preparation of the slide to ensurethorough distribution of the fibers, but an excess must be avoided, aspractically no oil should be permitted to flow out or be squeezed outbeyond the borders of the cover glass. If the number of fibers is too greatto permit proper distribution on t
31、he slide, or if an excess of oil has beenused, wipe away a portion of the mixture after thorough dispersion of thefibers.13. Preparation of Slides by Use of the FRL Fiber Cutter13.1 Cutting Specimens:13.1.1 FabricUsing the equipment described in 6.3.3,with the razor blades in alignment and firmly se
32、cured, force theblades vertically downward into the warp fringe close to theedge of the fabric. Repeat the operation for the filling yarns. Ifthe warp and filling yarns are the same, the cut may be madediagonally, sectioning the warp and filling yarns of the fabric atthe same time. Make a duplicate
33、cut at the opposite side of thefabric. The individual cuts should include between 1500 and2000 fibers, approximately 250 m long.13.1.2 Yarns and Other Fiber AssembliesCut the preparedwoolen or worsted yarn specimens with the pieces arrayed asa unit, or other specimens of yarn, roving, and the like,
34、in amanner similar to the procedure described in 13.1.1.13.2 Release of Cut SectionsRelease the top plate of thedevice, then remove the blades, holding the ends between thethumb and forefinger of one hand. By careful separation of theblades, the fiber sections will adhere to the edge of either blade
35、.13.3 Mounting the Fibers on the SlideSee 12.4.14. Procedure14.1 Measure fibers the same day a slide is prepared.14.2 Place the finished (prepared) slide on the microprojec-tor stage with the cover glass toward the objective (see 9.1).14.3 Plan the viewing traverses across the slide to ensurethat al
36、l portions under the glass are selected (sampled) for fibermeasurement.14.4 To measure a fiber, bring the midlength area into sharpfocus on the wedge scale. When correctly focused the fiberedges appear as fine lines, not as pronounced dark borders (Fig.5). However, the two edges of the fiber may not
37、 be in focus atthe same time. If both edges of the fiber are not uniformly infocus, adjust the focus so that one edge of the fiber appears asa fine line and the other edge shows as a bright line. Fiberimage width is regarded as the distance between the fine linesof both edges when they are uniformly
38、 in focus, or the fine lineof one edge and the inner side of the bright line at the otheredge when they are not uniformly in focus.FIG. 4 Dispersion of Fibers on SlideD 2130 90 (2008)514.4.1 At the midlength area of the fiber, measure the widthof the image by marking the wedge at the point where the
39、width of the wedge scale coincides with the width of the fiberimage (Fig. 6). Position the wedge scale so the taper of thescale is opposite any taper in the fiber image.14.5 In the planned traverses, measure all fibers whosemidlength area comes within the field of a 4-in. (100-mm)diameter circle, ce
40、ntrally located in the projected area. Kempand med fibers which come within the field of measurement areto be measured for fiber diameter. Exclude from measurementfiber images shorter than 100 mm (200 m fiber) or longer than150 mm (300 m fiber) and those having a distorted image. Ifthe width of a fi
41、ber image is less than or greater than the limitsof the wedge scale, project the fiber image onto the border ofthe wedge scale and draw lines which coincide with the edgesof the midlength area. Measure the distance between the linesin millimetres and convert to micrometres; 1 mm is equal to 2m at a
42、magnification of 500x.15. Number of Fibers15.1 The number of fibers to be measured depends on thevariability of the fiber diameters and the required or desiredprecision of the average. Calculate the number by using Eq 1:n 5 ts/E!2(1)where:n = number of fibers to be measured,s = standard deviation of
43、 fiber diameters,E = allowable variation of the mean, m, andt = 1.960, the value of Students t for infinite degrees offreedom, two-sided limits, and a 95 % probabilitylevel, (t2= 3.842).15.2 Estimates of standard deviation for the various gradesof wool and wool top, mohair and mohair top, and alpaca
44、 aregiven in TablesA1.1-A1.3, together with the calculated numberof fibers required for various confidence intervals of the meanat a statistical probability of 0.95.16. Calculation16.1 From the observations determined with the wedgescales calculate the pertinent information as shown in theexample (T
45、able A1.4).17. Report17.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed inASTM Test Method D 2130 and state the type and number ofsamples taken and the kind of material that was tested.17.2 Report the following information:17.2.1 The average fiber diameter ( X)inm.17.2.2 The fiber diameter distri
46、bution, where applicable.17.2.3 The standard deviation of fiber diameters, in m.17.2.4 The coefficient of variation of fiber diameters, %, v.17.2.5 The 95 % confidence limits for the lot mean.18. Precision and Bias18.1 PrecisionEstimates of standard deviation for thevarious grades of wool and wool t
47、op, mohair and mohair top,and alpaca are given in Tables A1.1-A1.3, together with thecalculated number of fibers required for various confidenceintervals of the mean at a 95 % probability level.18.2 BiasThe procedure in Test Method D 2130 for mea-suring the diameter of wool fibers by microprojection
48、 is widelyaccepted in the trade as having no known bias and is generallyused as a referee method.19. Keywords19.1 animal fibers (except wool); diameter; wool(a) Correct (b) IncorrectFIG. 5 Correctly and Incorrectly Focused FiberFIG. 6 Point to Mark Wedge Scale: Where Wedge and FiberImage CoincideD 2
49、130 90 (2008)6ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. DATA FOR PRECISION OF MEASUREMENTS AND EXAMPLES OF CALCULATIONSA1.1 The estimates of standard deviation for the variousgrades of wool for determination of the number of fibers tomeasure at selected confidence limits and examples of calcu-lations listed in 15.1 and 15.2 are given in Tables A1.1-A1.4.TABLE A1.1 Wool and Wool Top:ANumber of Fibers to be Measured for Selected Confidence Limits of Mean inMicrometres, m at a 95 % Probability Level, forSelected Standard Deviation ValuesWool orWool Top
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