1、Designation: D2156 09 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forSmoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2156; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the
3、evaluation of smoke densityin the flue gases from burning distillate fuels. It is intendedprimarily for use with home heating equipment burning kero-sine or heating oils. It can be used in the laboratory or in thefield to compare fuels for clean burning or to compare heatingequipment.1.2 The values
4、stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.2.1 Arbitrary and relative units are also used.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user
5、of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E97 Test Method for Directional Reflectance Factor, 45-deg0-deg, of Opaque Specimens by Broad-Band Filter Re-flect
6、ometry33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 smoke spot number, nthe number of the spot on thestandard scale most closely matching the color (or shade) of thetest spot.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A test smoke spot is obtained by pulling a fixed volumeof flue gas thr
7、ough a fixed area of standard filter paper. Thecolor (or shade) of the spot thus produced is visually matchedwith a standard scale, and the smoke density is expressed as a“smoke spot number.”5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means of controlling smokeproduction in home heating e
8、quipment to an acceptable level.Excessive smoke density adversely affects efficiency by heat-exchanger fouling.5.2 The range of smoke densities covered by this testmethod is that which has been found particularly pertinent tohome-heating application. It is more sensitive to small amountsof smoke tha
9、n several other smoke tests as indicated in thefollowing comparison:Smoke SpotNumberIcham, percentTransmissionRingelmanSmoke Number0 100 0295480654818 0909 0 0to56. Apparatus6.1 Sampling DeviceA suitable device providing a totalflue gas sample volume of 36.9 6 1.65 L at 16C, 101 kPa foreach 645 mm2e
10、ffective surface area of filter paper shall beemployed. The sampling device and connections shall be ofsuch construction that the total travel of flue gas sample fromflue to filter paper shall not exceed 410 mm. The device shallprovide for cooling the sample below the charring temperaturefor the fil
11、ter paper but not below the dew point of the sample.Suitable laboratory and portable field service equipment isillustrated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.6.2 Smoke ScaleThe smoke scale required consists of tenspots numbered consecutively from 0 to 9, ranging in equalphotometric steps from white through neutra
12、l shades of gray toblack, imprinted or otherwise processed on white paper orplastic stock having a surface reflectance of between 82.5 and87.5 % 45, 0 daylight luminous directional reflectance inaccordance with Test Method E97. The smoke scale spotnumber is defined as the reduction (due to smoke) in
13、 reflectedincident light divided by 10. Thus, the first spot, which is the1This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine F
14、uels.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013. Published October 2013. Originallyapproved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D2156 09. DOI:10.1520/D2156-09R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For An
15、nual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.orgCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2
16、959. United States1color of the unimprinted scale, will be No. 0, since in the caseof this spot there will be no reduction in reflected incident lightdirected thereon. The last spot, however, is very dark, reflectingonly 10% of the incident light directed thereon; thus in thiscase the reduction in r
17、eflected incident light is 90 %, whichgives to this darkest spot the No. 9. Intermediate spot numbersare similarly established. Limits of permissible reflectancevariation of any smoke scale spot shall not exceed 63%relative reflectance (Note 1 and Note 2).NOTE 1Such smoke scales are sufficiently acc
18、urate for field use andfor many laboratory smoke testing applications. However, speciallycalibrated scales (known as certified smoke scales) will sometimes berequired. A certified smoke scale is obtained by individually calibratingeach smoke spot of a normal smoke scale.NOTE 2Where the smoke scale i
19、s protected with a plastic ortransparent cover the construction employed shall be such that when thesmoke spot on the filter paper is viewed for matching with the numberspots on the smoke scale, both shall be visible through the same thicknessand number of sheets of transparent protective cover.7. M
20、aterials7.1 Test Filter Paper, made from white filter paper stockhaving a surface reflectance of 82.5 to 87.5 % 45, 0 daylightluminous directional reflectance, in accordance with the TestMethod E97. When clean air at standard conditions is drawnthrough clean filter paper at a rate of 476 L/sm2effect
21、ivesurface area of filter paper, the pressure drop across the filterpaper falls between limits of 1.7 and 8.4 kPa.8. Procedure8.1 The sampling procedure used is critical. Therefore, theprocedure recommended by the equipment manufacturer shallbe rigidly followed.8.2 Use a clean, dry, sampling device.
22、 If a hand sampler isused, warm it above room temperature to prevent condensationon the filter paper. (This can usually be done conveniently byplacing the sampler on the boiler or furnace to be tested.)8.3 Insert filter paper in the sampler and tighten the filterpaper holder. Connect the sampling de
23、vice to the flue gasprobe. When taking smoke measurements in the flue pipe,position the end of the sampling probe at the center line of theflue pipe.8.4 Draw the required sample. When a hand sampler isused, permit the pressures in the flue gas stream and thesampler to equalize after each stroke.8.5
24、Remove the filter paper. Compare the test spot backedwith a piece of white paper or plastic having 45, 0 daylightluminous directional reflectance of not less than 75 %, with thestandard scale.FIG. 1 Laboratory Type Smoke MeterFIG. 2 Field Service Type Smoke TesterD2156 09 (2013)29. Report9.1 Report
25、the smoke density as smoke spot number on thestandard scale most closely corresponding to the test spot.Interpolate differences between two standard smoke spot num-bers to the nearest half number. Report smoke spot numbershigher than 9 as “Greater than No. 9.”NOTE 3Where more accurate results are de
26、sired, the human factorinvolved in visually comparing filter paper test spots with smoke scalespots can be eliminated by resort to direct use of a suitable photometer forevaluating test spots. This procedure is described in the Annex.10. Precision and Bias10.1 PrecisionNumerical rating of the smoke
27、spot numberas determined by the statistical examination of the test resultsobtained by seven operators and smoke guns on identicalsmoke samples at six different excess air levels is as follows:10.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between the two testresults obtained by the same operator with the same
28、apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identical test materialwould, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test method, exceed one-half of a smoke spot number foronly one case in twenty (Note 4).10.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent meas
29、urements of smoke spot number bydifferent operator/instrument pairs at the same location onidentical test material would, in the long run and in the normaland correct operation of the test method, exceed one smokespot number for only one case in twenty (Note 4).NOTE 4On July 10, 1989, seven test par
30、ticipants performed themeasurement of Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning DistillateFuels at six different excess air settings. All smoke spot determinationswere made, in duplicate, by each operator using a separate smoke gun, atone test site.410.2 BiasThe bias of this test method cannot be det
31、er-mined because there is no accepted standard distillate fuel witha known smoke spot number.11. Keywords11.1 heating oil; kerosine; smoke density; smoke spot num-berANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. ALTERNATIVE PHOTOMETRIC METHODA1.1 Direct Photometric EvaluationA1.1.1 The human factor involved in vi
32、sually comparingfilter paper test spots with smoke scale spots can be eliminatedby resorting to direct use of a suitable photometer for evalu-ating test spots. To make this direct photometric test spotevaluation, the following procedure shall be employed:A1.1.1.1 Mount a clean, unused filter paper,
33、backed by aplaque painted with MgO or material having a 45, 0 daylightluminous directional reflectance of not less than 75 %, in thelight beam of a suitable type reflectance photometer.Adjust thephotometer to read 100 % reflectance in terms of the lightreflected from this clean surface. Expose test
34、smoke spot onfilter paper to the photometer light beam and measure thepercentage reduction in reflected light due to the presence ofsmoke particles on the filter paper. Gross smoke spot numbershall be defined as equal to the percentage reduction inreflected light divided by ten.A1.2 Photometer Speci
35、ficationsA1.2.1 The photometer to be employed for direct test spotnumber evaluation shall be of the electrically operated reflec-tance type employing a photoelectric cell, fitted with a specialholder(s) to accommodate filter paper test specimens. It is to becapable of measuring the 45, 0 daylight lu
36、minous directionalreflectance. It is to be furnished complete with a greentristimulus filter and with reflectance standards of approxi-mately 20, 40, 60, and 80 % 45, 0 daylight luminousdirectional reflectance, to permit photometer readings between10 and 90 % (relative to clean filter paper) to be m
37、ade within62 % accuracy.4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1325.D2156 09 (2013)3APPENDIXX1. CONVERSION OF MEASUREMENT UNITSX1.1 Measurement units in ASTM standards are to be SI(International System of Units). Te
38、st Method D2156 hastraditionally used I-P units, so the introduction of SI units maylead to some confusion for those familiar with the previousversions of the test method. This appendix provides conver-sions between the two systems.X1.1.1 This table show the units used in this test method inboth sys
39、tems.SI Units Other Systems of UnitsName Abbreviation Name AbbreviationLitre L cubic inch in.3cubic centimetre cm3cubic inch in.3square centimetre cm2square inch in.2square millimetre mm2square inch in.2millimetre mm inch in.kiloPascal kPa atmosphere atmkiloPascal kPa inches of mercury (Hg) in. Hgki
40、loPascal kPa millimetres of Hg mm HgX1.1.2 The following table shows conversion factors for theunits previously found in this test method to SI units or relatedunits.To convertfromTo Multiply byin.3L 0.01639cm3L 0.001atm kPa 101.325in.2mm2645.16in.2cm26.4516in. mm 25.40in.3/min in.2L/s m21.762 10-7i
41、n.3/min in.2cm3/s cm21.762in. Hg kPa 3.3864in. Hg mm Hg 25.4F C Formula for conversion:(F 32)/1.8X1.1.3 The following table shows some measurements usedin previous versions of Test Method D2156 with the currentunits and earlier units.Current Test Method Units Units from Earlier Versions Section36.9
42、1.65 L 36 900 1650 cm36.136.9 1.65 L 2250 100 in.36.1101 kPa 1 atm 6.116C 60F 6.1645 mm26.45 cm26.1645 mm21in.26.1410 mm 16 in. 6.1476 L/s m22.70 109in.3/min in.27.11.7 kPa 13 mm Hg 7.11.7 kPa 0.5 in. Hg 7.18.4 kPa 64 mm Hg 7.18.4 kPa 2.5 in. Hg 7.1ASTM International takes no position respecting the
43、 validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is
44、 subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Hea
45、dquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This st
46、andard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D2156 09 (2013)4
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