1、Designation: D2157 94 (Reapproved 2013)D2157 18Standard Test Method forEffect of Air Supply on Smoke Density in Flue Gases fromBurning Distillate Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption o
2、r, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the performance of distillate
3、 fuels from the standpoint of clean, efficient burning.It is intended primarily for use with home heating equipment burning No. 1 or No. 2 fuel oils. It can be used either in the laboratoryor in the field to compare fuels using a given heating unit or to compare the performance of heating units usin
4、g a given fuel.NOTE 1This test method applies only to pressure atomizing and rotary-type burners.1.2 The values stated in inch-poundSI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to after SI units that are provided for information only and are no
5、t considered standard.1.2.1 Arbitrary and relative units are also used.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironment
6、al practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides
7、 and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2156 Test Method for Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 effc
8、iencyeffciency, ndefined as the percentage of gross heat of combustion of the fuel which is retained by theequipment and which does not pass out in the flue gases.3.1.2 excess combustion airair, nthe percentage of air entering the equipment over and above that needed for stoichiometricconversion of
9、the fuel to the ultimate combustion products, essentially CO2 and water, for a normal fuel. This may be calculatedfrom the percentage CO2 in the flue gas and the carbon-hydrogen ratio of the fuel.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThis may be calculated from the percentage CO2 in the flue gas and the carbon-hydrogen
10、 ratio of the fuel.3.1.3 flue-gas carbon dioxide (CO2), nthe percentage concentration of carbon dioxide in the flue gas, measured byconventional Orsat analysis, or the equivalent.3.1.4 net stack temperaturetemperature, nthe difference between the stack temperature and the ambient temperature of thea
11、ir near the inlet to the burner.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approve
12、d May 1, 2013April 1, 2018. Published August 2013April 2018. Originally approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 20082013 asD2157 94 (2008).(2013). DOI: 10.1520/D2157-94R13.10.1520/D2157-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Servic
13、e at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous
14、version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes
15、section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.5 smoke densitydensity, nthe concentration of smoke in the flue gas, measured as a Smoke Spot Number as describedin Test Method D2156.4. Su
16、mmary of Test Method4.1 The flue-gas smoke density is measured for various amounts of combustion air while the burner is operating at equilibriumconditions. Results are expressed as a plot of smoke density as a function of flue-gas carbon dioxide (CO2) content, or alternatively,as a function of perc
17、entage excess combustion air.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method relates efficiency of operation of domestic heating equipment to clean burning. Reducing combustion airin a burner gives more efficient operation. The extent to which combustion air can be reduced is limited by the onset ofunac
18、ceptable smoke production. By delineating the relation between smoke density and air supply, this test method (together withnet stack temperature data) defines the maximum efficiency for a given installation at any acceptable smoke level.5.2 For certain types of equipment, such as the rotary wall-fl
19、ame burner, too much excess air will cause smoke as well as toolittle. For these cases, the point of minimum excess air at the acceptable smoke level indicates the optimum efficiency.5.3 The operating temperatures of the equipment will affect these test results. The relation of excess air to smoke d
20、ensity is thussusceptible to some change at different points in an operating cycle. In practice, an adequate compromise is possible by operatingthe burner for 15 min before any readings are recorded and then obtaining the test data within a succeeding 25-min25 min period.5.4 Under laboratory conditi
21、ons, CO2 readings are reproducible to 60.3 % and smoke readings are reproducible to 612 smokespot number.6. Apparatus6.1 Sampling Device for determining smoke density, as described in the Apparatus section of Test Method D2156.6.2 Conventional Orsat Apparatus, or the equivalent, for determining the
22、volume percentage of CO2 in the dry flue gases.6.3 Suitable Flue Gas Probes for smoke density and CO2 measurements. These are to be located not more than 12 in. (300 mm)12 in. (300 mm) from the outlet of the boiler or furnace and at least two flue-pipe diameters before any barometric draft control(N
23、ote 2). The probe ends shall be located so that the samples are withdrawn from the centerline of the flue pipe.NOTE 2In some field installations, a compromise can be made, in which case the probes may be inserted as close to the outlet as possible, but notcloser to a barometric draft control than on
24、e flue pipe diameter. In the event this compromise cannot be met, the manufacturer may be requested to furnishinstructions stating the location of sampling points and the procedure for taking measurements.7. Procedure7.1 Start the burner and operate for 15 min 15 min according to manufacturers speci
25、fications (particular attention should bepaid to draft and oil pressure). Then take flue-gas samples for smoke and CO2 and record.7.2 Change the air shutter settings, operate for 4 min, sample, and record smoke and CO2. Repeat until a minimum of four datapoints is obtained, spaced over the range of
26、interest. The entire data-taking period must be accomplished within about 25 min25 min for a field installation.8. Report8.1 Report the smoke density-CO2 relation or the smoke density-excess air relation, or both, in graphical form. Fig. 1 showstypical pressure-atomizing burner and typical rotary wa
27、llflame burner data.FIG. 1 Typical Smoke-CO2 and Excess Air-CO2 CurvesD2157 1828.2 For fuels of varying composition, excess air is of more fundamental significance than CO2. It is calculated from fuelcomposition data and flue gas CO2 by conventional methods. For many purposes, however, available No.
28、 1 and No. 2 fuel oils aresimilar enough in composition so that results reported only in terms of percent CO2 are useful. When this is done, report the fuelas either No. 1 or No. 2 fuel oils.9. Precision and Bias9.1 PrecisionNumerical rating of the smoke spot number as determined by the statistical
29、examination of the test resultsobtained by seven operators and smoke guns on identical smoke samples at six different air levels is as follows:9.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between the two smoke spot test results obtained by the same operator with the sameapparatus under constant operating condi
30、tions on identical test material would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operationof the test method, exceed one-half of a smoke spot number for only one case in twenty (Note 3).9.1.2 ReproducibilityUnder laboratory conditions, CO2 measurements are reproducible to 60.3 volume percent CO2.
31、Thedifference between two single and independent measurements of smoke spot number by different operator/instrument pairs at thesame location on identical test material would, in the long run and in the normal and correct operation of the test method, exceedone smoke spot number for only one case in
32、 twenty (Note 3).NOTE 3On July 10, 1989, seven test participants performed the measurement of smoke density in flue gases from burning distillate fuels at sixdifferent excess air settings. All smoke spot determinations were made, in duplicate, by each operator using a separate smoke gun, at one test
33、 site. NoCO2 measurements were performed during this program. The cited reproducibility for CO2 is taken from the 1980 version of this test method, which didnot reference the source of the reproducibility.39.2 BiasThe bias of this test method cannot be determined because there is no accepted standar
34、d distillate fuel with a knownsmoke spot number.10. Keywords10.1 heating oil; kerosine; smoke densitySUMMARY OF CHANGESSubcommittee D02.E0 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D2157 94 (2013) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved April 1
35、, 2018.)(1) Revised Section 3, Terminology, to be in accordance with Form and Style requirements.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determi
36、nation of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or wi
37、thdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that yo
38、ur comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (sin
39、gle or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1325. Contact ASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.D2157 183
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