1、Designation: D 2167 08Standard Test Method forDensity and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the RubberBalloon Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2167; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the det
3、ermination of the in-place density and unit weight of compacted or firmly bondedsoil using a rubber balloon apparatus.1.2 This test method is suitable for use as a means ofacceptance for compacted fill or embankments constructed offine-grained soils or granular soils without appreciableamounts of ro
4、ck or coarse material.1.3 This test method also may be used for the determinationof the in-place density and unit weight of undisturbed or in situsoils, provided the soil will not deform under the pressuresimposed during the test.1.4 This test method is not suitable for use in organic,saturated, or
5、highly plastic soils that would deform under thepressures applied during this test. This test method may requirespecial care for use on (1) soils consisting of unbondedgranular materials that will not maintain stable sides in a smallhole, (2) soils containing appreciable amounts of coarsematerial in
6、 excess of 37.5 mm (112 in.), (3) granular soilshaving high void ratios, or (4) fill materials containing particleswith sharp edges. For soils containing appreciable amounts ofparticles in excess of 37.5 mm (112 in.), Test Methods D 4914or D 5030 should be used.1.5 The values stated in SI units are
7、to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5.1 In the engineering profession it is customary to useunits representing both mass and force interchangeably, unlessdynamic calculations are involved. This implicitly combinestwo separate systems of units; tha
8、t is, the absolute system andthe gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable tocombine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units withina single standard. This standard has been written using thegravitational system of units when dealing with the inch-poundsystem. In this system the
9、 pound (lbf) represents a unit of force(weight). However, conversions are given in the SI system.Theuse of balances or scales recording pounds of mass lbm/ft3should not be regarded as nonconforming with this testmethod.1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for signifi
10、cant digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026 unless superseded by this standard.1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected,recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition they are representative of thesignificant digits that genera
11、lly should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these consid
12、erations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to consider significant digits used in analyticalmethods for engineering design.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish
13、 appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standa
14、rd Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requ
15、irements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special andConstruction Control Tests.Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Publi
16、shed May 2008. Originallyapproved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 2167 94 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
17、Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4253 Test Methods for Maximum Ind
18、ex Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD 4643 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil by Microwave Oven HeatingD 4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and WaterContent for Soils Containing Oversize ParticlesD 4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and
19、 SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD 4914 Test Methods for Density and Unit Weight of Soiland Rock in Place by the Sand Replacement Method in aTest PitD 4944 Test Method for Field Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil by the Cal
20、cium Carbide GasPressure TesterD 4959 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil By Direct HeatingD 5030 Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock in Placeby the Water Replacement Method in a Test PitD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal Data3. Terminolog
21、y3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms in this standardrefer to Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 compacted lift, na layer of compacted soil.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The volume of an excavated hole in a given soil isdetermined using a liquid-filled ca
22、librated vessel for filling athin flexible rubber membrane; this membrane is displaced tofill the hole. The in-place wet density is determined by dividingthe wet mass of the soil removed by the volume of the hole.The water (moisture) content and the in-place wet density areused to calculate the dry
23、in-place density and dry unit weight.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method can be used to determine the in-placedensity and unit weight of natural inorganic soil deposits,soil-aggregate mixtures, or other similar firm materials. It isoften used as a basis of acceptance for earthen materialcomp
24、acted to a specified density or percentage of a maximumdensity determined by a test method, such as Test MethodsD 698, D 1557 or D 4253.5.1.1 Test Methods D 698 and D 1557 require that massmeasurements of laboratory compacted test specimens bedetermined to the nearest1gsothat computed water contents
25、and densities can be reported to three and four significantdigits, respectively. This standard is a field procedure requiringmass measurements to the nearest 5 g. As such, water contentcalculations should only be reported to two significant digitsand density to three significant digits.5.2 This test
26、 method may be used to determine the densityand unit weight of compacted soils used in construction ofearth embankments, road fill, and structural backfill. This testmethod often is used as a basis of acceptance for soilscompacted to a specified density or a percentage of maximumdensity or unit weig
27、ht, as determined by a standard testmethod.5.3 The use of this test method is generally limited to soil inan unsaturated condition and is not recommended for soils thatare soft or that deform easily. Such soils may undergo a volumechange during the application of pressure during testing. Thistest me
28、thod may not be suitable for soils containing crushedrock fragments or sharp edge materials which may puncture therubber membrane.NOTE 1Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias con-tained in this test method, the precision of this test method is dependent onthe competence of the personne
29、l performing it and the suitability of theequipment and the facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria ofPractice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent andobjective testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliancewith Practice D 3740 does not in itself ensure rel
30、iable testing. Reliabletesting depends on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means ofevaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Balloon ApparatusThis is a calibrated vessel contain-ing a liquid within a relatively thin, flexible, elastic membrane(rubber balloon) designed for measuring th
31、e volume of the testhole under the conditions of this test method. An example ofthe essential elements for this apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. Theapparatus shall be equipped so that an externally controlledpressure or partial vacuum can be applied to the containedliquid. It shall be of such weight an
32、d size that will not causedistortion of the excavated test hole and adjacent test areaduring the performance of the test. The apparatus shall providefor the use of an integral pressure gage or other means forcontrolling the applied pressure during calibration and testing.Provision shall be made for
33、placing loads (surcharge) on theapparatus. There shall be an indicator for determining thevolume of the test hole to the nearest 1 %. The flexiblemembrane shall be of such size and shape as to fill the test holecompletely without wrinkles or folds when inflated within thetest hole, and the membrane
34、strength shall be sufficient towithstand such pressure as is necessary to ensure completefilling of the test hole without loss of liquid. Withdrawal of themembrane from the test hole shall be accomplished by theapplication of a partial vacuum to the liquid or by other means.6.1.1 The description and
35、 requirements given are intendedto be nonrestrictive. Any apparatus using a flexible (rubber)membrane and liquid that can be used to measure within anaccuracy of 1 % the volume of a test hole in soil under theconditions of this test method is satisfactory. Larger apparatusand test hole volumes are r
36、equired when particles over 37.5mm (112 in.) are prevalent in the material being tested.6.2 Base PlateArigid metal plate machined to fit the baseof the balloon apparatus. The base plate shall have a minimumdimension of at least twice the test hole diameter to preventdeformation of the test hole whil
37、e supporting the apparatus andsurcharge loads (if used).6.3 Balances or ScalesA balance or scale having a mini-mum capacity of 20 kg meeting the requirements of Specifi-cation D 4753 for a balance of 5.0 g readability. Balances orD 2167 082scales required for moisture determination or oversize corre
38、c-tion are contained in those standards.6.4 Drying ApparatusEquipment or ovens, or both, forthe determination of moisture content in accordance with TestMethods D 2216, D 4643, D 4959, or D 4944.6.5 Miscellaneous EquipmentEquipment including: smallpicks, chisels, spoons, brushes, and screwdrivers fo
39、r diggingtest holes; plastic bags, buckets with lids, or other suitablemoisture proof containers with snug fitting lids for retaining thesoil taken from the test hole; shovels or spades and a straightedge for leveling and preparing test location; calculator or sliderule for calculations; and surchar
40、ge weights, if required, forapparatus.7. Calibration7.1 Prior to the first use, verify the procedure to be used andthe accuracy of the volume indicator by using the apparatus tomeasure containers or molds of known volume in accordancewith Annex A1.7.2 Apparatus calibration checks should be periodica
41、llyperformed. These should be performed annually, as a mini-mum, and whenever damage, repair, or change of membranethat may affect the pressure or volume indicating portions ofthe apparatus occurs.8. Procedure8.1 Prepare the surface at the test location so that it isreasonably plane and level. Depen
42、dent on the water (moisture)content and texture of the soil, the surface may be leveled usinga bulldozer or other heavy equipment blades, provided the testarea is not deformed, compressed, torn, or otherwise disturbed.8.2 Assemble the base plate and rubber balloon apparatuson the test location. Usin
43、g the same pressure and surchargedetermined during the calibration of the apparatus, take aninitial reading on the volume indicator and record. The baseplate shall remain in place through completion of the test.8.3 Remove the apparatus from the test hole location. Usingspoons, trowels, and other too
44、ls necessary, dig a hole within thebase plate. Exercise care in digging the test hole so that soilaround the top edge of the hole is not disturbed. The test holeshall be of the minimum volume shown in Table 1 based on themaximum particle size in the soil being tested. When materialbeing tested conta
45、ins a small amount of oversize or isolatedlarge particles are encountered, the test can be moved to a newlocation or changed to another test method, such as TestMethod D 4914 or D 5030. When particles larger than 37.5mm (112 in.) are prevalent, larger test apparatus and testvolumes are required. Lar
46、ger test-hole volumes will provideimproved accuracy and shall be used where practical. Theoptimum dimensions of the test hole are related to the designof the apparatus and the pressure used. In general, thedimensions shall approximate those used in the calibrationcheck procedure. The test hole shall
47、 be kept as free of pocketsand sharp obtrusions as possible, since they may affect accu-racy or may puncture the rubber membrane. Place all soilremoved from the test hole in a moisture tight container forlater mass and water (moisture) content determination.FIG. 1 Schematic Drawing of Calibrated Ves
48、sel Indicating Principle (Not to Scale)TABLE 1 Minimum Test Hole Volumes Based on Maximum Sizeof Included ParticlesMaximum Particle Size Minimum Test Hole Volumesmm (in.) cm3ft312.5 (0.5) 1420 0.0525.0 (1) 2120 0.07537.5 (1.5) 2840 0.1D 2167 0838.4 After the test hole has been dug, place the apparat
49、usover the base plate in the same position as used for the initialreading. Applying the same pressure and surcharge load asused in the calibration check, take and record the reading onthe volume indicator. The difference between the initial andfinal readings is the volume of the test hole, Vh.8.5 Determine the mass of all the moist soil removed fromthe test hole to the nearest 5 g. Mix all the soil thoroughly andselect a representative water (moisture) content sample anddetermine the water (moisture) content in accordance with TestMethods D 2216, D 4643, D 4959, or D
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