ASTM D2167-2015 Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Rubber Balloon Method《采用橡皮气囊法的现场土壤密度和单位重量的标准试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: D2167 08D2167 15Standard Test Method forDensity and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the RubberBalloon Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2167; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th

2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method cove

3、rs the determination of the in-place density and unit weight of compacted or firmly bonded soil usinga rubber balloon apparatus.1.2 This test method is suitable for use as a means of acceptance for compacted fill or embankments constructed of fine-grainedsoils or granular soils without appreciable a

4、mounts of rock or coarse material.1.3 This test method also may be used for the determination of the in-place density and unit weight of undisturbed or in situsoils, provided the soil will not deform under the pressures imposed during the test.1.4 This test method is not suitable for use in organic,

5、 saturated, or highly plastic soils that would deform under the pressuresapplied during this test. This test method may require special care for use on (1) soils consisting of unbonded granular materialsthat will not maintain stable sides in a small hole, (2) soils containing appreciable amounts of

6、coarse material in excess of 37.5mm (112 in.), (3) granular soils having high void ratios, or (4) fill materials containing particles with sharp edges. For soilscontaining appreciable amounts of particles in excess of 37.5 mm (112 in.), Test Methods D4914 or D5030 should be used.1.5 The values state

7、d in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5.1 In the engineering profession it is customary to use units representing both mass and force interchangeably, unlessdynamic calculations are involved. This implicitly combines two separate

8、 systems of units; that is, the absolute system and thegravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a singlestandard. This standard has been written using the gravitational system of units when dealing with the inch-pound s

9、ystem. In thissystem the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight). However, conversions are given in the SI system. The use of balancesor scales recording pounds of mass lbm/ft lbm/ft3 should not be regarded as nonconforming with this test method.1.6 All observed and calculated values shall c

10、onform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026 unless superseded by this standard.1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition they are representative

11、of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do notconsider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives;it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data

12、to be commensurate with these considerations. It isbeyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof

13、the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Cha

14、racteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special and ConstructionControl Tests.Current edition approved April 1, 2008July 1,

15、 2015. Published May 2008July 2015. Originally approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 20012008 asD2167 94D2167 08. (2001). DOI: 10.1520/D2167-08.10.1520/D2167-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For

16、Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not

17、 be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end

18、 of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700kN-m/m3)D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determinati

19、on of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table

20、D4643 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil by Microwave Oven HeatingD4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and Water Content for Soils Containing Oversize ParticlesD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, R

21、ock, and ConstructionMaterials TestingD4914 Test Methods for Density and Unit Weight of Soil and Rock in Place by the Sand Replacement Method in a Test PitD4944 Test Method for Field Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil by the Calcium Carbide Gas Pressure TesterD4959 Test Method for Det

22、ermination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil By Direct HeatingD5030 Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock in Place by the Water Replacement Method in a Test PitD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of common technical terms

23、in this standard refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 compacted lift, na layer of compacted soil.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The volume of an excavated hole in a given soil is determined using a liquid-filled calibrated vessel for filling a thin flexibl

24、erubber membrane; this membrane is displaced to fill the hole. The in-place wet density is determined by dividing the wet massof the soil removed by the volume of the hole. The water (moisture) content and the in-place wet density are used to calculate thedry in-place density and dry unit weight.5.

25、Significance and Use5.1 This test method can be used to determine the in-place density and unit weight of natural inorganic soil deposits,soil-aggregate mixtures, or other similar firm materials. It is often used as a basis of acceptance for earthen material compactedto a specified density or percen

26、tage of a maximum density determined by a test method, such as Test Methods D698, D1557 orD4253.5.1.1 Test Methods D698 and D1557 require that mass measurements of laboratory compacted test specimens be determinedto the nearest 1 g so that computed water contents and densities can be reported to thr

27、ee and four significant digits, respectively.This standard is a field procedure requiring mass measurements to the nearest 5 g.As such, water content calculations should onlybe reported to two significant digits and density to three significant digits.5.2 This test method may be used to determine th

28、e density and unit weight of compacted soils used in construction of earthembankments, road fill, and structural backfill. This test method often is used as a basis of acceptance for soils compacted to aspecified density or a percentage of maximum density or unit weight, as determined by a standard

29、test method.5.3 The use of this test method is generally limited to soil in an unsaturated condition and is not recommended for soils thatare soft or that deform easily. Such soils may undergo a volume change during the application of pressure during testing. This testmethod may not be suitable for

30、soils containing crushed rock fragments or sharp edge materials, which may puncture the rubbermembrane.NOTE 1Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias contained in this test method, the precision of this test method The quality of the resultproduced by this standard is dependent on the co

31、mpetence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and the facilities used.Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this test method standardare cautioned that compliance with Practice D3

32、740 does not in itself ensure reliable testing.results. Reliable testing dependsresults depend on manyfactors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Balloon ApparatusThis is a calibrated vessel containing a liquid within a relatively thin, flexible, elas

33、tic membrane(rubber balloon) designed for measuring the volume of the test hole under the conditions of this test method. An example of theessential elements for this apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. The apparatus shall be equipped so that an externally controlled pressureor partial vacuum can be appli

34、ed to the contained liquid. It shall be of such weight and size that will not cause distortion of theexcavated test hole and adjacent test area during the performance of the test. The apparatus shall provide for the use of an integralpressure gagegauge or other means for controlling the applied pres

35、sure during calibration and testing. Provision shall be made forplacing loads (surcharge) on the apparatus. There shall be an indicator for determining the volume of the test hole to the nearestD2167 1521 %. The flexible membrane shall be of such size and shape as to fill the test hole completely wi

36、thout wrinkles or folds wheninflated within the test hole, and the membrane strength shall be sufficient to withstand such pressure as is necessary to ensurecomplete filling of the test hole without loss of liquid. Withdrawal of the membrane from the test hole shall be accomplished bythe application

37、 of a partial vacuum to the liquid or by other means.6.1.1 The description and requirements given are intended to be nonrestrictive. Any apparatus using a flexible (rubber)membrane and liquid that can be used to measure within an accuracy of 1 % the volume of a test hole in soil under the conditions

38、of this test method is satisfactory. Larger apparatus and test hole volumes are required when particles over 37.5 mm (112 in.) areprevalent in the material being tested.6.2 Base PlateA rigid metal plate machined to fit the base of the balloon apparatus. The base plate shall have a minimumdimension o

39、f at least twice the test hole diameter to prevent deformation of the test hole while supporting the apparatus andsurcharge loads (if used).6.3 Balances or ScalesA balance or scale having a minimum capacity of 20 kg meeting the requirements of SpecificationD4753 for a balance of 5.0 g readability. B

40、alances or scales required for moisture determination or oversize correction arecontained in those standards.6.4 Drying ApparatusEquipment or ovens, or both, for the determination of moisture content in accordance withTest MethodsD2216, D4643, D4959, or D4944.6.5 Miscellaneous EquipmentEquipment inc

41、luding: small picks, chisels, spoons, brushes, and screwdrivers for digging testholes; plastic bags, buckets with lids, or other suitable moisture proof containers with snug fitting lids for retaining the soil takenfrom the test hole; shovels or spades and a straight edge for leveling and preparing

42、test location; calculator or slide rule forcalculations; and surcharge weights, if required, for apparatus.7. Calibration7.1 Prior to the first use, verify the procedure to be used and the accuracy of the volume indicator by using the apparatus tomeasure containers or molds of known volume in accord

43、ance with Annex A1.FIG. 1 Schematic Drawing of Calibrated Vessel Indicating Principle (Not to Scale)TABLE 1 Minimum Test Hole Volumes Based on Maximum Sizeof Included ParticlesMaximum Particle Size Minimum Test Hole Volumesmm (in.) cm 3 ft 312.5 (0.5) 1420 0.0525.0 (1) 2120 0.07537.5 (1.5) 2840 0.1D

44、2167 1537.2 Apparatus calibration checks should be periodically performed. These should be performed annually, as a minimum, andwhenever damage, repair, or change of membrane that may affect the pressure or volume indicating portions of the apparatusoccurs.8. Procedure8.1 Prepare the surface at the

45、test location so that it is reasonably plane and level. Dependent on the water (moisture) contentand texture of the soil, the surface may be leveled using a bulldozer or other heavy equipment blades, provided the test area is notdeformed, compressed, torn, or otherwise disturbed.8.2 Assemble the bas

46、e plate and rubber balloon apparatus on the test location. Using the same pressure and surchargedetermined during the calibration of the apparatus, take an initial reading on the volume indicator and record. The base plate shallremain in place through completion of the test.8.3 Remove the apparatus

47、from the test hole location. Using spoons, trowels, and other tools necessary, dig a hole within thebase plate. Exercise care in digging the test hole so that soil around the top edge of the hole is not disturbed. The test hole shallbe of the minimum volume shown in Table 1 based on the maximum part

48、icle size in the soil being tested. When material beingtested contains a small amount of oversize or isolated large particles are encountered, the test can be moved to a new location orchanged to another test method, such as Test Method D4914 or D5030. When particles larger than 37.5 mm (112 in.) ar

49、e prevalent,larger test apparatus and test volumes are required. Larger test-hole volumes will provide improved accuracy and shall be usedwhere practical. The optimum dimensions of the test hole are related to the design of the apparatus and the pressure used. Ingeneral, the dimensions shall approximate those used in the calibration check procedure. The test hole shall be kept as free ofpockets and sharp obtrusions as possible, since they may affect accuracy or may puncture the rubber membrane. Place all soilremoved from the test hole in a moisture tight contain