1、Designation: D 2171 07Designation: 222/84 (89)Standard Test Method forViscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2171; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.This test method has been approved b
3、y the sponsoring committees and accepted by the cooperating societies in accordance withestablished procedures.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determina-tion of viscosity of asphalt binder (bitumen) by vacuumcapillary viscometers at 60C (140F). It is applicable tomaterials hav
4、ing viscosities in the range from 0.0036 to over20 000 Pa s (0.036 to over 200 000 P).NOTE 1This test method is suitable for use at other temperatures, butthe precision is based on determinations on asphalt binders at 60C(140F).1.2 WarningMercury has been designated by the UnitedStates Environmental
5、 Protection Agency (EPA) and many stateagencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervoussystem, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may behazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution shouldbe taken when handling mercury and mercury containingproducts. See the app
6、licable product Material Safety DataSheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information.Users should be aware that selling mercury, mercury-containing products, or both, into your state may be prohibitedby state law.1.3 This standard does not purport
7、to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1 Spec
8、ification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Newtonian liquida liquid in which the rate of shearis proportional to the shearing stress.
9、 The constant ratio of theshearing stress to the rate of shear is the viscosity of the liquid.If the ratio is not constant, the liquid is non-Newtonian.3.1.2 viscositythe ratio between the applied shear stressand rate of shear is called the coefficient of viscosity. Thiscoefficient is thus a measure
10、 of the resistance to flow of theliquid. It is commonly called the viscosity of the liquid. The SIunit of viscosity is 1 Pas(1Ns/m2) and is called aPascal-second. The cgs unit of viscosity is 1 g/cms (1dynes/cm2) and is called a poise (P). 1 Pasisequivalent to10 P.1This test method is under the juri
11、sdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.44 onRheological Tests. In the IP this test method is under the jurisdiction of theStandardization Committee.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originallyapprov
12、ed in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 2171 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM websi
13、te.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The time is measured for a fixed volume of the liquid tobe drawn up through a capillary tube by means of vacuum,under closely controlled conditions of va
14、cuum and tempera-ture. The viscosity in Pascal-seconds is calculated by multi-plying the flow time in seconds by the viscometer calibrationfactor.NOTE 2The rate of shear decreases as the liquid moves up the tube,or it can also be varied by the use of different vacuum or different sizeviscometers. Th
15、us, this method is suitable for the measurement ofviscosities of Newtonian (simple) and non-Newtonian (complex) liquids.5. Significance and Use5.1 The viscosity at 60C (140F) characterizes flow behav-ior and may be used for specification requirements for cutbacksand asphalt binders.6. Apparatus6.1 V
16、iscometers, capillary-type, made of borosilicate glass,annealed, suitable for this test are as follows:6.1.1 Cannon-Manning Vacuum Viscometer (CMVV), asdescribed in Appendix X1.6.1.2 Asphalt Institute Vacuum Viscometer (AIVV), as de-scribed in Appendix X2.6.1.3 Modified Koppers Vacuum Viscometer (MK
17、VV), asdescribed in Appendix X3.6.1.4 Calibrated viscometers are available from commercialsuppliers. Details regarding calibration of viscometers aregiven in Appendix X4.NOTE 3The viscosity measured in a CMVV may be from 1 to 5 %lower than either the AIVV or MKVV having the same viscosity range.This
18、 difference, when encountered, may be the result of non-Newtonianflow.36.2 ThermometersCalibrated liquid-in-glass thermom-eters (see Table X5.1) of an accuracy after correction of 0.02C(0.04F) can be used or any other thermometric device of equalaccuracy. ASTM Kinematic Viscosity Thermometers 47C an
19、d47F conforming to Specification E1are suitable for the mostcommonly used temperature of 60C (140F).6.2.1 The specified thermometers are standardized at“ totalimmersion,” which means immersion to the top of the mercurycolumn with the remainder of the stem and the expansionchamber at the top of the t
20、hermometer exposed to roomtemperature. The practice of completely submerging the ther-mometer is not recommended. When thermometers are com-pletely submerged, corrections for each individual thermom-eter based on calibration under conditions of completesubmergence must be determined and applied. If
21、the thermom-eter is completely submerged in the bath during use, thepressure of the gas in the expansion chamber will be higher orlower than during standardization, and may cause high or lowreadings on the thermometer. Thermometric devices for thistest method must be standardized at least every 6 mo
22、nths.6.2.2 It is essential that liquid-in-glass thermometers becalibrated periodically using the technique given in TestMethod E77(see Appendix X5).6.3 BathA bath suitable for immersion of the viscometerso that the liquid reservoir or the top of the capillary, whicheveris uppermost, is at least 20 m
23、m below the upper surface of thebath liquid and with provisions for visibility of the viscometerand the thermometer. Firm supports for the viscometer shall beprovided. The efficiency of the stirring and the balance betweenheat losses and heat input must be such that the temperature ofthe bath medium
24、 does not vary by more than 60.03C(60.05F) over the length of the viscometer, or from viscom-eter to viscometer in the various bath positions.6.4 Vacuum SystemA vacuum system4capable of main-taining a vacuum to within 60.5 mm of the desired level up toand including 40.0 kPa (300 mm Hg). The essentia
25、l system isshown schematically in Fig. 1. Tubing of 6.35-mm (14-in.)inside diameter should be used, and all joints should be airtightso that when the system is closed, no loss of vacuum isindicated by the pressure gauge. A vacuum or aspirator pump3Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters
26、, 100 Barr HarborDrive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Request RR:D04-1003.4The vacuum control system marketed by Cannon Instrument Co., P. O. Box 16,State College, PA 16801, has been found satisfactory for this purpose.FIG. 1 Suggested Vacuum System for Vacuum Capillary ViscometersD2171072is sui
27、table for the vacuum source. The vacuum measuringsystem for this test method must be standardized at least oncea year.6.5 TimerA stop watch or other timing device graduatedin divisions of 0.1 s or less and accurate to within 0.05 % whentested over intervals of not less than 15 min. Timing devices fo
28、rthis test method must be calibrated at least every 6 months.6.5.1 Electrical Timing Devices may be used only on elec-trical circuits, the frequencies of which are controlled to anaccuracy of 0.05 % or better.6.5.1.1 Alternating currents, the frequencies of which areintermittently and not continuous
29、ly controlled, as provided bysome public power systems, can cause large errors, particularlyover short timing intervals, when used to actuate electricaltiming devices.7. Sample Preparations7.1 Heat the sample with care to prevent local overheatinguntil it has become sufficiently fluid to pour, occas
30、ionallystirring the sample to aid heat transfer and to assure uniformity.7.2 Transfer a minimum of 20 mL into a suitable containerand heat to 135 6 5.5C (275 6 10F), stirring occasionally toprevent local overheating and taking care to avoid the entrap-ment of air.NOTE 4If it is suspected that the sa
31、mple may contain solid material,strain the melted sample into the container through a No. 50 (300-m)sieve conforming to Specification E11.8. Procedure8.1 The specific details of operation vary somewhat for thevarious types of viscometers. See the detailed descriptions ofviscometers in Appendix X1-Ap
32、pendix X3 for instructions forusing the type of viscometer selected. In all cases, however,follow the general procedure described in 8.1.1-8.1.9.8.1.1 Maintain the bath at the test temperature within60.03C (0.05F). Apply the necessary corrections, if any, to allthermometer readings.8.1.2 Select a cl
33、ean, dry viscometer that will give a flowtime greater than 60 s, and preheat to 135 6 5.5C (275610F).8.1.3 Charge the viscometer by pouring the prepared sampleto within 62 mm of fill line E (Fig. 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4).8.1.4 Place the charged viscometer in an oven or bathmaintained at 135 6 5.5C (27
34、5 6 10F) for a period of 10 62 min, to allow large air bubbles to escape.8.1.5 Remove the viscometer from the oven or bath and,within 5 min, insert the viscometer in a holder, and position theviscometer vertically in the bath so that the upper most timingmark is at least 20 mm below the surface of t
35、he bath liquid.8.1.6 Establish a 40.0 6 0.07 kPa (300 6 0.5 mm Hg)vacuum below atmospheric pressure in the vacuum system andconnect the vacuum system to the viscometer with the togglevalve or stopcock closed in the line leading to the viscometer.8.1.7 After the viscometer has been in the bath for 30
36、 6 5min, start the flow of asphalt in the viscometer by opening thetoggle valve or stopcock in the line leading to the vacuumsystem.8.1.8 Measure to within 0.1 s the time required for theleading edge of the meniscus to pass between successive pairsof timing marks. Report the first flow time which ex
37、ceeds 60 sbetween a pair of timing marks, noting the identification of thepair of timing marks.8.1.9 Upon completion of the test, clean the viscometerthoroughly by several rinsings with an appropriate solventcompletely miscible with the sample, followed by a completelyvolatile solvent. Dry the tube
38、by passing a slow stream offiltered dry air through the capillary for 2 min, or until the lasttrace of solvent is removed. Alternatively, the viscometer maybe cleaned in a glass-cleaning oven, at a temperature not toexceed 500C (932F), followed by rinses with distilled ordeionized water, residue-fre
39、e acetone, and filtered dry air.Periodically clean the instrument with a strong acid cleaningsolution to remove organic deposits, rinse thoroughly withdistilled or deionized water and residue-free acetone, and drywith filtered dry air.8.1.9.1 Chromic acid cleaning solution may be prepared byadding,
40、with the usual precautions, 800 mL of concentratedsulphuric acid to a solution of 92 g of sodium dichromate in458 mL of water. The use of similar commercially availablesulphuric acid cleaning solutions is acceptable. Nonchromium-containing, strongly oxidizing acid cleaning solutions may besubstitute
41、d so as to avoid the disposal problems of chromium-containing solutions.All dimensions are in millimetres.FIG. 2 Cannon-Manning Vacuum Capillary ViscometerD21710738.1.9.2 Use of alkaline glass cleaning solutions may resultin a change of viscometer calibration, and is not recommended.9. Calculation9.
42、1 Select the calibration factor that corresponds to the pairof timing marks used for the determination, as prescribed in8.1.8. Calculate and report the viscosity to three significantfigures using the following equation:Viscosity, Pa s 5 Kt! (1)where:K = selected calibration factor, Pa s/s, andt = fl
43、ow time, s.NOTE 5If the viscometer constant or calibration factor (Kcgs)isknown in cgs units (Poise/s) calculate the calibration factor (Ksi) in SIunits (pascalseconds/second) as follows:Ksi 5 Pa s/s! 5 Kcgs/10 or P/s!/10 (2)10. Report10.1 Always report the test temperature and vacuum withthe viscos
44、ity test result. For example, viscosity at 60C (140F)and 300 mm Hg vacuum, in Pa s.11. Precision and Bias11.1 The following criteria (see Note 1) should be used forjudging the acceptability of results (95 % probability):11.1.1 Repeatability Duplicate results by the same opera-tor using the same visc
45、ometer should not be considered suspectunless they differ by more than 7 % of their mean.11.1.2 Reproducibility The results submitted by each oftwo laboratories should not be considered suspect unless thetwo results differ by more than 10 % of their mean.11.2 BiasThe bias for this test method cannot
46、 be deter-mined because no material with an accepted reference value isavailable.12. Keywords12.1 asphalt; capillary; vacuum; viscometer; viscosityAll dimensions are in millimetres.FIG. 3 Asphalt Institute Vacuum Capillary ViscometerAll dimensions are in millimetres.FIG. 4 Modified Koppers Vacuum Ca
47、pillary ViscometerD2171074APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. CANNON-MANNING VACUUM CAPILLARY VISCOMETER (CMVV)X1.1 ScopeX1.1.1 The Cannon-Manning vacuum capillary viscometer(CMVV)5,6is available in eleven sizes (Table X1.1) coveringa range from 0.0036 to 8 000 Pa s (0.036 to 80 000 P). Sizes10
48、through 14 are best suited to viscosity measurements ofasphalt cements at 60C (140F).X1.2 ApparatusX1.2.1 Details of the design and construction of Cannon-Manning vacuum capillary viscometers are shown in Fig. 2.The size numbers, approximate bulb factors, K, and viscosityranges for the series of Can
49、non-Manning vacuum capillaryviscometers are given in Table X1.1.X1.2.2 For all viscometer sizes, the volume of measuringbulb C is approximately three times that of bulb B.X1.2.3 A convenient holder can be made by drilling twoholes, 22 and 8 mm in diameter, respectively, through a No. 11rubber stopper. The center-to-center distance between holesshould be 25 mm. Slit through the rubber stopper betweenholes and also between the 8-mm hole and edge of the stopper.When placed in a 51-mm (2-in.) diameter hole in the bathco
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