1、Designation: D2197 16Standard Test Method forAdhesion of Organic Coatings by Scrape Adhesion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2197; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A nu
2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ad
3、he-sion of organic coatings such as paint, varnish, and lacquerwhen applied to smooth, flat (planar) panel surfaces.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesaf
4、ety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D609 Practice for Preparation o
5、f Cold-Rolled Steel Panelsfor Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, andRelated Coating ProductsD823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thicknessof Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test PanelsD1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-ness of Organic Coatings Using Microm
6、etersD7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of DryFilm Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied toFerrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-ings Applied to Non-Ferrous MetalsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Inte
7、rlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Summary of Test Method3.1 The materials under test are applied at uniform thicknessto flat panels, usually sheet metal of uniform surface texture.After drying, the adhesion is determined by pushing the panelsbeneath a rounded stylus or l
8、oop that is loaded in increasingamounts until the coating is removed from the substratesurface.4. Significance and Use4.1 Coatings to perform satisfactorily must adhere to thesubstrates on which they are applied. This test method has beenfound useful in differentiating the degree of adhesion ofcoati
9、ngs to substrates. It is most useful in providing relativeratings for a series of coated panels exhibiting significantdifferences in adhesion.4.2 Studies performed in a laboratory using the loop stylusspecified in the previous edition showed meaningful adhesiondata were impossible when loads of 10 t
10、o 20 kg were requiredto break the surface of a solvent based coating. The chromeplated loop stylus chattered and skipped across the coatingsurface when loads of this magnitude were required. Similarmeaningless data were obtained when powder coatings weretested that required more than 10 kg to break
11、the surface.Therefore, testing under these conditions is not applicable.5. Apparatus5.1 Application Equipment, as described in Practices D823.5.2 Film-Thickness Measuring Apparatus, as described inTest Method D1005 or Practice D7091.5.3 Balanced Beam, Scrape Adhesion Tester (Figs. 1 and 2),consistin
12、g of a balanced beam to which is secured a platformfor supporting weights, and a rod at an angle of 45 that holdsthe scraping loop. The rod shall be set so that the scraping loopcontacts test surfaces directly below the weights. The loopshall be 1.6-mm (116-in.) diameter rod, bent into a “U” shapewi
13、th an outside radius of 3.25 6 0.05 mm (0.128 6 0.002 in.)and hardened to Rockwell HRC 56 to 58, and shall be a smoothfinish. The loop can be either chromium plated, nickel plated,or heat treated polished steel, as agreed upon between thepurchaser and the supplier. These testers are adjustable toacc
14、ommodate flat, metallic, and nonmetallic specimens to1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films.Current edition approv
15、ed Dec. 1, 2016. Published January 2017. Originallyapproved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D2197 13. DOI:10.1520/D2197-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards vol
16、ume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on stan
17、dardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.112-mm (0.5-in.) thick and 100 to 400 mm (4 to 16 in.) wide andlong; the specimen should
18、be at least 12-mm (12-in.) wide.6. Preparation of Specimens6.1 Apply the materials under test to panels of the compo-sition and surface condition on which it is desired to determineadhesion. The panel material (6.1.1), surface preparation,thickness, and number of coats shall be specified or agreedup
19、on by the seller and the purchaser. Apply uniform coatingsand air dry or bake under conditions of humidity and tempera-ture mutually agreeable to the seller and purchaser. Either maskthe panel or remove material after application, so that 13 mm(12 in.) at one end of the panel is uncoated.6.1.1 The s
20、urface of the panel must be hard enough that itwill not be damaged by the scraping loop. If no panel materialis specified, use 0.8-mm (0.032-in.) cold-rolled carbon steelprepared in accordance with Methods B or C of Practice D609.7. Conditioning and Number of Tests7.1 Condition the test panels for a
21、t least 48 h at 23 6 2C(73.5 6 3.5F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity, and test in thesame environment, or immediately on removal therefrom,unless otherwise specified or agreed by the seller and thepurchaser. Test at least two replicate specimens of eachmaterial.8. Procedure8.1 When using the instrume
22、nt shown in Fig. 1, level thebase plate of the apparatus and place it so that the weightholder is toward the operator. This places the beam release onthe operators right and allows freedom to move the testspecimen manually under the weighted scraping element(loop). Adjust the main bearing support so
23、 that the beam isbalanced in the horizontal plane when the loop is just touchingthe specimen surface.8.2 Raise the beam and lock it. Wipe the loop with cleancloth or chamois. Place a test panel on the sliding platform sothat it may be moved away from the operator and the uncoatedportion is toward th
24、e main beam support. Place weights on theweight support using an initial amount that is estimated to beappropriate for the particular coating. Carefully lower the beamuntil the loop rests on the uncoated portion of the test specimenand the full load is applied, then slowly (1 to 2 s/in.) push thesli
25、ding platform away from the operator for a distance of atFIG. 1 Balanced-Beam Scrape-Adhesion TesterFIG. 2 Balanced Beam Scrape Adhesion and Mar TesterD2197 162least 75 mm (3 in.). If the coating is removed, continue thetesting, using successively smaller loads (0.5-kg increments)until the coating i
26、s not removed. If the coating is not removedby the initial scrape, continue the testing, using successivelylarger loads (0.5-kg increments) until the coating is removed oruntil the maximum load of 10 kg has been applied. Use a newarea of the test surface each time a scrape is made.8.3 When the criti
27、cal load has been approximately located,repeat the test five times at each of three loadings: above,below, and at the load determined in the first trial. Use thereplicate specimen to apply different loads in random fashionso the same load is not made in succession.8.3.1 Periodically examine the loop
28、 to ensure that theoriginal smooth surface is intact. If the contacting surface isworn, reverse the loop. When both sides are worn, replace witha new loop.8.4 For each applied load, tabulate the number of times thecoating was removed or adhered. The load where the scraperesults change from mainly ad
29、hering to mainly removed,ignoring the first 13 mm (12 in.) of the scratch if the coatingwas removed, is the adhesion failure end point.9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Load in kilograms at the adhesion failure end point,9.1.2 Panel material and surface preparation,9.1.3 “U” shape
30、loop surface finish,9.1.4 Dry-film thickness, and9.1.5 Any deviation from the specified procedure.10. Precision and Bias10.1 The precision of this test method is based on aninterlaboratory study of D2197, Standard Test Method forAdhesion of Organic Coatings by Scrape Adhesion, conductedin 2015. Six
31、laboratories tested three panel pairings. Every“test result” represents an individual determination. PracticeE691 was followed for the design and analysis of the data; thedetails are given in ASTM Research Report No. RR:D01-1181.310.1.1 Repeatability (r)The difference between repetitiveresults obtai
32、ned by the same operator in a given laboratoryapplying the same test method with the same apparatus underconstant operating conditions on identical test material withinshort intervals of time would in the long run, in the normal andcorrect operation of the test method, exceed the followingvalues onl
33、y in one case in 20.10.1.1.1 Repeatability can be interpreted as maximum dif-ference between two results, obtained under repeatabilityconditions that are accepted as plausible due to random causesunder normal and correct operation of the test method.10.1.1.2 Repeatability limits are listed in Table
34、1 and Table2.10.1.2 Reproducibility (R)The difference between twosingle and independent results obtained by different operatorsapplying the same test method in different laboratories usingdifferent apparatus on identical test material would, in the longrun, in the normal and correct operation of the
35、 test method,exceed the following values only in one case in 20.10.1.2.1 Reproducibility can be interpreted as maximumdifference between two results, obtained under reproducibilityconditions that are accepted as plausible due to random causesunder normal and correct operation of the test method.10.1
36、.2.2 Repeatability limits are listed in Table 1 and Table2.10.1.3 The above terms (repeatability limit and reproduc-ibility limit) are used as specified in Practice E17710.1.4 Any judgment in accordance with statements 10.1.1and 10.1.2 would have an approximate 95 % probability ofbeing correct.3Supp
37、orting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D01-1181. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.TABLE 1 Film Thickness (microns)MaterialAverageAXRepeatabilityStandardDeviationsrReproducibilityStandardDeviationSRRepeatability
38、LimitrReproducibilityLimitRPanel Set A and C 52.1 4.2 4.6 11.7 12.8Panel Set B and H 123.7 6.8 17.4 19.0 48.7Panel Set D and GB35.8 7.3 23.7 20.4 66.3AThe average of the laboratories averages.BOnly five laboratories reported.TABLE 2 Load (kg)MaterialAverageAXRepeatabilityStandardDeviationsrReproduci
39、bilityStandardDeviationSRRepeatabilityLimitrReproducibilityLimitRPanel Set A and C 2.30 0.30 1.14 0.83 3.18Panel Set B and HB6.39 0.42 2.67 1.17 7.47Panel Set D and GC2.54 0.59 1.07 1.65 2.99AThe average of the laboratories averages.BOnly five laboratories reported.COnly four laboratories reported.D
40、2197 16310.2 BiasAt the time of the study, there was no acceptedreference material suitable for determining the bias for this testmethod, therefore no statement on bias is being made.10.3 The precision statement was determined through sta-tistical examination of 64 test results, from 6 laboratories,
41、 on 3pairings of materials. The materials used were described as thefollowing:Panel set A: Acrylic CoatingPanel set B: Polyurethane CoatingPanel set C: Acrylic CoatingPanel set D: Epoxy CoatingPanel set H: Polyurethane CoatingPanel set G: Epoxy Coating10.4 To judge the equivalency of two test result
42、s, it isrecommended to choose the panel set type closest in charac-teristics to the test panels.11. Keywords11.1 adhesion; balanced-beam scrape adhesion tester;scrapeASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin thi
43、s standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be
44、 reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresp
45、onsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, We
46、st Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 164
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