1、Designation: D 2216 05Standard Test Methods forLaboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content ofSoil and Rock by Mass1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2216; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cov
3、er the laboratory determinationof the water (moisture) content by mass of soil, rock, andsimilar materials where the reduction in mass by drying is dueto loss of water except as noted in 1.4, 1.5, and 1.7. Forsimplicity, the word “material” shall refer to soil, rock oraggregate whichever is most app
4、licable.1.2 Some disciplines, such as soil science, need to deter-mine water content on the basis of volume. Such determina-tions are beyond the scope of this test method.1.3 The water content of a material is defined in 3.2.1.1.4 The term “solid material” as used in geotechnicalengineering is typic
5、ally assumed to mean naturally occurringmineral particles of soil and rock that are not readily soluble inwater. Therefore, the water content of materials containingextraneous matter (such as cement etc.) may require specialtreatment or a qualified definition of water content. In addition,some organ
6、ic materials may be decomposed by oven drying atthe standard drying temperature for this method (110C).Materials containing gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate) orother compounds having significant amounts of hydrated watermay present a special problem as this material slowly dehy-drates at the standa
7、rd drying temperature (110C) and at verylow relative humidity, forming a compound (such as calciumsulfate hemihydrate) that is not normally present in naturalmaterials except in some desert soils. In order to reduce thedegree of dehydration of gypsum in those materials containinggypsum or to reduce
8、decomposition in highly/fibrous organicsoils, it may be desirable to dry the materials at 60C or in adesiccator at room temperature. Thus, when a drying tempera-ture is used which is different from the standard dryingtemperature as defined by this test method, the resulting watercontent may be diffe
9、rent from the standard water contentdetermined at the standard drying temperature of 110C.NOTE 1Test Method D 2974 provides an alternate procedure fordetermining water content of peat materials.1.5 Materials containing water with substantial amounts ofsoluble solids (such as salt in the case of mari
10、ne sediments)when tested by this method will give a mass of solids thatincludes the previously soluble dissolved solids. These mate-rials require special treatment to remove or account for thepresence of precipitated solids in the dry mass of the specimen,or a qualified definition of water content m
11、ust be used. Forexample, see Test Method D 4542 regarding information onmarine sediments.1.6 This test standard requires several hours for properdrying of the water content specimen. Test Methods D 4643,D 4944 and D 4959 provide less time-consuming processes fordetermining water content. See Gilbert
12、2for details on thebackground of Test Method D 4643.1.7 Two test methods are provided in this standard. Themethods differ in the significant digits reported and the size ofthe specimen (mass) required. The method to be used may bespecified by the requesting authority; otherwise MethodAshallbe perfor
13、med.1.7.1 Method AThe water content by mass is recorded tothe nearest 1 %. For cases of dispute, Method A is the refereemethod.1.7.2 Method BThe water content by mass is recorded tothe nearest 0.1 %.1.8 This standard requires the drying of material in an oven.If the material being dried is contamina
14、ted with certainchemicals, health and safety hazards can exist. Therefore, thisstandard should not be used in determining the water content ofcontaminated soils unless adequate health and safety precau-tions are taken.1.9 UnitsThe values stated in SI units shall be regarded asstandard excluding theA
15、lternative Sieve Sizes listed inTable 1.No other units of measurement are included in this test method.1.10 Refer to Practice D 6026 for guidance concerning theuse of significant figures that shall determine whether Method,A or B is required. This is especially important if the water1This test metho
16、d is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticityand Density Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published April 2005. Originallyapproved in 1963. Last previous edition approved
17、 in 1998 as D 2216 98.2Gilbert, P.A., “Computer Controlled Microwave Oven System for Rapid WaterContent Determination”, Tech. Report GL-8821, Department of the Army, Water-ways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS, November 1988.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of t
18、his standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.content will be used to calculate other relationships such asmoist mass to dry mass or vice versa, wet unit weight to dryunit weight or vice versa, and total density to dry
19、density orvice versa. For example, if four significant digits are requiredin any of the above calculations, then the water content has tobe recorded to the nearest 0.1 %. This occurs since 1 plus thewater content (not in percent) will have four significant digitsregardless of what the value of the w
20、ater content is; that is, 1plus 0.1/100 = 1.001, a value with four significant digits.While, if three significant digits are acceptable, then the watercontent can be recorded to the nearest 1 %.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
21、 It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 2974 Test Meth
22、ods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Mat-ter of Peat and Other Organic SoilsD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD 4318 Tes
23、t Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD 4542 Test Method for Pore-Water Extraction and Deter-mination of the Soluble Salt Content of Soils by Refrac-tometerD 4643 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil by the Microwave Oven MethodD 4753 Speci
24、fication for Evaluating, Selecting, and Speci-fying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock,and Construction Materials TestingD 4944 Test Method for Field Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil by the Calcium Carbide GasPressure Tester MethodD 4959 Test Method for Determination
25、of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil By Direct Heating MethodD 5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting RockCore SamplesD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Calculatingand Reporting Geotechnical Test DataE 145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens3. Termino
26、logy3.1 Refer to Terminology D 653 for standard definitions ofterms.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 water content by mass (of a material)the ratio of themass of water contained in the pore spaces of soil or rockmaterial, to the solid mass of particles in that material,expressed as a percentage. A standard tem
27、perature of 110 65C is used to determine these masses.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 constant dry mass (of a material)the state that awater content specimen has attained when further heatingcauses, or would cause, less than 1 % or 0.1 % additional lossin mass for Method A o
28、r B respectively. The time required toobtain constant dry mass will vary depending on numerousfactors. The influence of these factors generally can be estab-lished by good judgement, and experience with the materialsbeing tested and the apparatus being used.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A test specim
29、en is dried in an oven at a temperature of110 6 5C to a constant mass. The loss of mass due to dryingis considered to be water. The water content is calculated usingthe mass of water and the mass of the dry specimen.5. Significance and Use5.1 For many materials, the water content is one of the mosts
30、ignificant index properties used in establishing a correlationbetween soil behavior and its index properties.5.2 The water content of a material is used in expressing thephase relationships of air, water, and solids in a given volumeof material.5.3 In fine-grained (cohesive) soils, the consistency o
31、f agiven soil type depends on its water content. The water contentof a soil, along with its liquid and plastic limits as determinedby Test Method D 4318, is used to express its relative consis-tency or liquidity index.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AS
32、TM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.TABLE 1 Minimum Requirements for Mass of Test Specimen, and Balance ReadabilityMaximum Particle Size (100 % Passing)Method AWater Content Recor
33、ded to 61%Method BWater Content Recorded to 60.1 %SI UnitSieve SizeAlternative SieveSizeSpecimenMassBalanceReadability (g)SpecimenMass (g)BalanceReadability (g)75.0mm 3in 5kg 10 50kg 1037.5 mm 1-12 in. 1 kg 10 10 kg 1019.0 mm34 in. 250 g 1 2.5 kg 19.5 mm38 in. 50 g 0.1 500 g 0.14.75 mm No. 4 20 g 0.
34、1 100 g 0.12.00 mm No. 10 20 g 0.1 20 g 0.01D2216052NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally conside
35、red capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself ensurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. A
36、pparatus6.1 Drying OvenVented, thermostatically-controlled,preferably of the forced-draft type, meeting the requirements ofSpecification E 145 and capable of maintaining a uniformtemperature of 110 6 5C throughout the drying chamber.6.2 BalancesAll balances must meet the requirements ofSpecification
37、 D 4753 and this section. A Class GP1 balance of0.01 g readability is required for specimens having a mass ofup to 200 g (excluding mass of specimen container) and a ClassGP2 balance of 0.1 g readability is required for specimenshaving a mass over 200 g. However, the balance used may becontrolled by
38、 the number of significant digits needed (see1.10).6.3 Specimen ContainersSuitable containers made of ma-terial resistant to corrosion and change in mass upon repeatedheating, cooling, exposure to materials of varying pH, andcleaning. Unless a dessicator is used, containers with close-fitting lids s
39、hall be used for testing specimens having a mass ofless than about 200 g; while for specimens having a massgreater than about 200 g, containers without lids may be used(see Note 3). One uniquely numbered (identified) container ornumber-matched container and lid combination as required isneeded for e
40、ach water content determination.NOTE 3The purpose of close-fitting lids is to prevent loss of moisturefrom specimens before initial mass determination, and to prevent absorp-tion of moisture from the atmosphere following drying and before finalmass determination.6.4 Desiccator (Optional)A desiccator
41、 cabinet or largedesiccator jar of suitable size containing silica gel or anhydrouscalcium sulfate. It is preferable to use a desiccant that changescolor twhen it needs to be reconstituted.NOTE 4Anhydrous calcium sulfate is sold under the trade nameDrierite.6.5 Container Handling Apparatus, gloves,
42、tongs, or suit-able holder for moving and handling hot containers afterdrying.6.6 Miscellaneous, knives, spatulas, scoops, quarteringcloth, wire saws, etc., as required.7. Samples7.1 Soil samples shall be preserved and transported inaccordance with Practice D 4220 Section 8 Groups B, C, or Dsoils. R
43、ock samples shall be preserved and transported inaccordance with Practice D 5079 section 7.5.2, Special CareRock. Keep the samples that are stored prior to testing innon-corrodible airtight containers at a temperature betweenapproximately 3 and 30C and in an area that prevents directcontact with sun
44、light. Disturbed samples in jars or othercontainers shall be stored in such a way as to reduce moisturecondensation on the insides of the containers.7.2 The water content determination should be done as soonas practicable after sampling, especially if potentially corrod-ible containers (such as thin
45、-walled steel tubes, paint cans, etc.)or plastic sample bags are used.8. Test Specimen8.1 For water contents being determined in conjunction withanother ASTM method, the specimen mass requirement statedin that method shall be used if one is provided. If no minimumspecimen mass is provided in that me
46、thod then the values givenbelow shall apply. See Howard4for background data for thevalues listed.8.2 The minimum specimen mass of moist material selectedto be representative of the total sample is based on visualmaximum particle size in the sample and the Method (MethodA or B) used to record the dat
47、a. Minimum specimen mass andbalance readability shall be in accordance with Table 1.8.3 Using a test specimen smaller than the minimum indi-cated in 8.2 requires discretion, though it may be adequate forthe purposes of the test. Any specimen used not meeting theserequirements shall be noted on the t
48、est data forms or test datasheets.8.4 When working with a small (less than 200 g) specimencontaining a relatively large gravel particle, it is appropriatenot to include this particle in the test specimen. However, anydiscarded material shall be described and noted on the test dataform/sheet.8.5 For
49、those samples consisting entirely of intact rock orgravel-size aggregate, the minimum specimen mass shall be500 g. Representative portions of the sample may be brokeninto smaller particles. The particle size is dictated by thespecimen mass, the container volume and the balance beingused to determine constant mass, see 10.4. Specimen masses assmall as 200 g may be tested if water contents of only twosignificant digits are acceptable.9. Test Specimen Selection9.1 When the test specimen is a portion of a larger amountof material, the specimen must be selected to
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