1、Designation: D 2229 04e1Standard Test Method forAdhesion Between Steel Tire Cords and Rubber1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2229; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEThe reference to Table 2 was changed to Table 1 in Section 13.3 in March 2007.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the fo
3、rcerequired to pull a steel cord from a block of vulcanized rubber.1.2 Although designed primarily for steel cord, this testmethod may be applied with modifications to wire used inrubber products.1.3 This test method can also be used for evaluating rubbercompound performance with respect to adhesion
4、 to steel cord.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standar
5、d to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1566 Terminology Relating to R
6、ubberD 2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile TestMethod that Produces Normally Distributed DataD 6477 Terminology Relating to Tire Cord, Bead Wire,Hose Reinforcing Wire,and FabricsE 105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimat
7、e aMeasure of Quality for a Lot or Process3. Terminology3.1 Definitions3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to tire cord, bead wire,hose wire, and tire cord fabrics, refer to Terminology D 6477.3.1.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:adhesion, rubber compound, and steel cord.3.1
8、.2 For definitions of terms relating to rubber, refer toTerminology D 1566.3.1.3 For definitions of other terms related to textiles, referto Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The steel cords are vulcanized into a block of rubber andthe force necessary to pull the cords linearly out of t
9、he rubberis measured.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for theacceptance testing of commercial shipments of steel tire cordbecause current estimates of between-laboratory precision forsingle materials are considered acceptable and the method hasbeen used extensiv
10、ely in the trade for acceptance testing.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cord and Fabrics.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originallypublished as D 2229 63 T. Last
11、 previous edition D 2229 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.TABLE 1 Critical Differences for
12、Conditions Noted, 95 %Probability LevelName of PropertyNumber ofObservationsSingleOperatorPrecisionWithin-LaboratoryPrecisionBetween-LaboratoryPrecisionPull-out force, N (Single-Material Comparisons)44952 8583439 716 24 31 74(Multi-Material Comparisons)4 49 52 12083 391516 24 31 112Rubber coverage,
13、% (Single-Material Comparisons)47719855 816 4 4 18(Multi-Material Comparisons)4111 28810 016 9 9 281Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significances be-tween reported test resul
14、ts for two laboratories (or more),comparative tests should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance.As a minimum, the test samples should be used thatare as homogenous as possible, that are drawn from thematerial from which the dispa
15、rate test results were obtained,and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to eachlaboratory for testing. Other materials with established testvalues may be used for this purpose. The test results from thetwo laboratories should be compared using a statistical test forunpaired data, at a probab
16、ility level chosen prior to the testingseries. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found andcorrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consider-ation of the known bias.5.2 The mold described in this test method is primarilydesigned for quality acceptance testing for steel cord wh
17、ere thesample size for each cord is 4 or a multiple thereof, but anymold/cavity combination which will provide the required testblock dimensions (Figs. 1 and 2) is acceptable.5.3 Appendix X1 contains suggested ranges of environmen-tal conditions for aging tests.5.4 The property measured by this test
18、 method indicateswhether the adhesion of the steel cord to the rubber is greaterthan the cohesion of the rubber, that is, complete rubbercoverage of the steel cord, or less than the cohesion of therubber, that is, lack of rubber coverage.6. Apparatus6.1 Mold (Figs. 2 and 3)The mold is designed to pr
19、oducefour test blocks with the preferred dimensions, each containing15 steel cords. The blocks are 200 mm long and 12.5 mm thick(embedded cord length). When testing cords equal to or lessthan 1.7-mm diameter, the mold in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 should beused to produce blocks, and when testing cords with
20、a diametergreater than 1.7 mm, the mold should be suitably modified.Molds designed to produce any other number of test blocks ofthe required dimensions are acceptable, and molds designed toproduce blocks with different embedded cord length arepermitted.6.2 If more than one third of the cords break a
21、t the 12.5-mmembedment, it may be advisable to reduce the embedment byuse of a suitable mold insert.6.3 Testing Machine:6.3.1 A constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) type tensile test-ing machine conforming to the requirements of SpecificationD76for textiles shall be used for measuring the pull-out force
22、.The rate of travel of the power actuated grip shall be 50mm/min. Other rates of travel up to 150 mm/min may be usedas agreed upon by the purchaser and the supplier.6.3.2 The top grip shall apply force to the cord duringtesting that is normal to the face of the test block.6.3.3 The bottom grip (Fig.
23、 4) shall be a special holder madefor the vulcanized test block.6.4 PressA curing press, large enough to take the mold,and capable of a minimum pressure of 3.5 MPa over the totalarea of the mold plate. Electrical or steam heat for the top andbottom platens shall be provided, of sufficient capacity f
24、ormaintaining the mold components at the temperatures requiredfor the rubber compound being used.6.5 Desiccator.7. Materials and Reagents7.1 SolventA solvent may be used to freshen the surfaceof the rubber when necessary, provided such solvent treatmentdoes not affect adhesion of the cord in the vul
25、canized block. Asuitable solvent has been found to be a special lead-freeFIG. 1 Definition of Test Block DimensionsD222904e12gasoline (normal heptane), with a distillation range from 40 to141C and a maximum recovery of 97 %.7.2 Rubber CompoundThe rubber compound shall befurnished by the user of the
26、cord, together with pertinentinformation of the temperature and time for the vulcanizationof the particular rubber, as well as the conditioning periodbetween vulcanization and testing. Because the performance ofthe rubber stock is affected by its age and storage conditions,the user of the cord shall
27、 also specify storage conditions andany time limits for storage of a particular rubber, or approve thestorage conditions utilized by the producer. The rubber shall beprovided in sheet form at least 215 mm wide and either7 0, + 1 mm thick or 3.5 0, + 0.5 mm thick, sheeted ontononhygroscopic backing,
28、such as a plasticizer-free plasticmaterial.7.3 Mold Release LubricantAsuitable mold release lubri-cant may be applied to the empty mold to facilitate test blockremoval. Excess lubricant shall be wiped from the mold andparticularly from the slots provided for the cords. The lubricantshould not be app
29、lied when exposed cord is in the area, andshould only be used when absolutely necessary. Use of a moldrelease lubricant should be recorded on the test report.NOTE 1The use of mold release lubricant is not recommended. Themold should be permanently coated with Teflont or preferably, with astainless s
30、teel reinforced nonstick coating, such as Excaliburt.38. Hazards8.1 Refer to the maufacturers material safety data sheets(MSDS) for information on handling, use, storage, and dis-posal of chemicals used in this test.8.2 Wear heat resistant gloves when working at the hot pressand handling hot forms.9
31、. Sampling and Specimen Preparation9.1 Obtain lot and laboratory samples in accordance withPractices E 105 and E 122.3Excaliburt is a registered trademark of the Whitford Corporation, WestChester, PA.TOLERANCESAll dimensions 60.2Angular 62Except where notedNOTE 1All dimensions in millimetres except
32、where noted.NOTE 2MaterialMild steel.NOTE 3Mold should be coated permanently with a polytetrafluoro-ethylene, such as Teflont, or preferably, with a stainless steel reinforcedpolytetrafluoro-ethylene with a polyamid binder, such as Excaliburt.NOTE 4Dimensions with “*” may be altered to accommodate t
33、est grips.FIG. 2 Four-Cavity Steel Cord Adhesion MoldD222904e139.2 Cut specimens from each laboratory sampling unit intolengths that are greater than the total mold length. To eliminateflare, use procedures in 9.2.1 or 9.2.2. Choose the number ofspecimen to achieve the desired level of test result p
34、recision.The relationship between the sample size and test precision isshown in Table 2.9.2.1 Simultaneously cut and fuse the cut ends using a smallportable welding device.9.2.2 Tape the samples at the ends of the required specimenlength and cut through the sample where it has been tapedleacing the
35、new ends of both sample and specimen taped.9.3 Handle samples and specimens with care to preventchanges in surgace conditions of the steel cord. Wear cleangloves when handling samples and specimens. if the testsblocks cannot be constructed within 8 h store the cords in adessicator at 23 6 2.10. Proc
36、edure10.1 Test Block Construction:10.1.1 Construct the test blocks in a cold mold or formhaving the same dimensions as the mold in the followingmanner.10.1.2 Lay out specimens on a clean dry surface. Touch thespecimens only at their ends. Steel cord is normally tested inthe “as-received” condition;
37、therefore, it is generally notcleaned nor dried prior to building the test block.10.1.3 Cut pieces the rubber compound to the size of themold cavity. If a thickness of 3.5 mm is supplied, it should belaminated toa7mmthickness before cutting to size. If therubber surface appears dry or contaminated,
38、it may be fresh-ened with clean solvent described in 7.1 and allowed to dry atleast 3 min. This will facilitate handling the test blocks prior tovulcanization.10.2 Test Block Assembly:10.2.1 Place one piece of rubber in each cavity with theprotected side up and remove the protective film.TOLERANCESA
39、ll dimensions 62Except where notedNOTE 1MaterialMild steel.NOTE 2Number required2.NOTE 3All dimensions in millimetres except where noted.NOTE 4Dimensions with “*” may be altered to accommodate the mold.FIG. 3 Top and Bottom Plates for Adhesion MoldD222904e1410.2.2 Place the specimen in individual sl
40、ots with approxi-mately equal lengths extending beyond either end of the form.Do not press the cords into the cavities with fingers. Make noteof the location of the specimens for 10.2.4.10.2.3 Remove the protective film from pieces of rubbercompound and place one in each cavity with the freshlyexpos
41、ed surface against the cords. Press firmly in place usinga wooden dowel or flat faced stitching tool.10.2.4 Write the identification on each pad using a silverpen or marking pencil.10.2.5 Carefully remove the four blocks from the form bypressing uniformly from the back side. Store at a temperatureof
42、 23 6 2C until vulcanization. Blocks should be vulcanizedwithin a maximum of 12 h.10.3 Vulcanizing:10.3.1 Preheat the complete mold assembly to the requiredtemperature.10.3.2 Remove the mold assembly from the press andremove the top plate.10.3.3 Place the preconstructed blocks in the mold. Takecare
43、to ensure that the blocks are seated in the mold cavitiesand all specimens are in the proper slots.10.3.4 Place the top plate on the mold and place the moldassembly in the press. Close the press and apply a minimumpressure of 3.5 MPa on the mold surface.10.3.5 At the end of the cycle, open the press
44、 remove themold assembly. Remove the top and bottom plates, and pushthe blocks out with uniform pressure. Take care to minimizeblock deformation when removing from the mold.10.4 Conditioning of Test Blocks:10.4.1 Allow the blocks to rest at room temperature for aminimum of 16 h before testing.10.4.2
45、 Cut the blocks apart by clipping the cords flush withone side of each block. Trim any “flash” with a razor blade orsuitable clippers, taking care not to damage the cord or cut intothe body of the test block.10.5 Testing:10.5.1 Test at 24 6 2C unless otherwise agreed upon.10.5.2 Push the block into
46、the appropriate lower fixture andadjust the bottom plate of the fixture so that the block can bemoved through the fixture but yet undergo minimum deforma-tion during testing. Do not force the bottom plate against thetest block.10.5.3 Center each cord in succession in the 12.5-mm holeand clamp the co
47、rd in the upper grip.10.5.4 Start the cross head.10.5.5 Record, to the nearest 5 N, the maximum pull-outforce required to extract the cord. Retain the specimens,properly identified, for visual evaluation if required.10.5.6 Rate the rubber coverage of the pulled specimensvisually from 1 to 5 or perce
48、nt coverage using Table 1. Theappearance can be evaluated with 0.5 point precision if usingthe 1 through 5 rating scale. Record visual ratings.10.5.6.1 The precision and bias statement was developedusing the percent rubber coverage system.TOLERANCESAll dimensions 60.2Angular 612 Except where notedNO
49、TE 1MaterialSteel.NOTE 2Break all sharp corners.NOTE 3All dimensions in millimetres except where noted.FIG. 4 Bottom GripD222904e1511. Calculation11.1 Calculate the average pull-out force to the nearest 5 Nusing the values from the test blocks for each laboratorysampling unit and for the lot.11.2 Calculate the average rubber coverage visual rating tothe nearest 0.5 rating or percent using the values from thespecimens pulled from the test blocks for each laboratorysampling unit and for the lot.12. Report12.1 State that the specimens were tested as
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