1、Designation: D2256/D2256M 101Standard Test Method forTensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2256/D2256M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTEAdded research report information to Sec
3、tion 21 editorially in September 2010.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensileproperties of monofilament, multifilament, and spun yarns,either single, plied, or cabled with the exception of yarns thatstretch more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 0.05 to1.0 cN/tex 0.5
4、 to 1.0 gf/tex.1.2 This test method covers the measurement of breakingforce and elongation of yarns and includes directions for thecalculation of breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chord modu-lus, and breaking toughness.1.2.1 Options are included for the testing of specimens in:(A) straight, (B) kn
5、otted, and (C) looped form.1.2.2 Conditions of test are included for the testing ofspecimens that are: (1) conditioned air, (2) wet, not immersed,(3) wet, immersed, (4) oven-dried, (5) exposed to elevatedtemperature, or (6) exposed to low temperature.NOTE 1Special methods for testing yarns made from
6、 specific fibers;namely, glass, flax, hemp, ramie, and kraft paper and for specific products;namely, tire cords and rope, have been published: Test Methods D885, andSpecification D578.NOTE 2For directions covering the determination of breaking force ofyarn by the skein method refer to Test Method D1
7、578.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancew
8、ith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to us
9、e.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD578 Specification for Glass Fiber StrandsD885 Test Methods for Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, andIndustrial Filament Yarns Made from ManufacturedOrganic-Base
10、FibersD1578 Test Method for Breaking Strength of Yarn in SkeinFormD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile TestMethod that Produces Normally Distributed DataD2906 Practice for Statements on
11、 Precision and Bias forTextiles3D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation andRelated Properties of TextilesD4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and FibersE178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Refer to Terminology D4848 for definitions of thefollo
12、wing terms used in this standard: breaking force, breakingstrength, breaking tenacity, breaking toughness, chord modu-lus, elongation, elongation at break, elongation at rupture,initial modulus, knot-breaking force, knot breaking strength,linear density, loop breaking force, loop-breaking strength,s
13、ingle-strand breaking force, single-strand breaking strength,strength and tenacity.3.1.2 Refer to Terminology D123 and Terminology D4849and for definitions of other terms used in this standard.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibilit
14、y of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approvedin 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D2256 09. DOI: 10.1520/D2256_D2256M-10E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AST
15、M Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr
16、ive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Single-strand yarn specimens are broken on a tensiontesting machine at a predetermined elongation rate and thebreaking force and the elongation at break are determined.Elongation at a specified force or th
17、e force or tenacity at aspecified elongation may also be obtained. Breaking force,breaking tenacity, elongation, initial and chord modulus, andbreaking toughness of the test specimen, in terms of lineardensity, may be calculated from machine scales, dials, record-ing charts, or by an interfaced comp
18、uter.4.2 This test method offers the following three physicalconfigurations of the specimen:4.2.1 Configuration A, straight.4.2.2 Configuration B, knotted.4.2.3 Configuration C, looped.4.3 This test method also offers the following six conditionsof test with respect to moisture content of the specim
19、ens at thetime of testing:4.3.1 Condition 1, conditioned to moisture equilibrium fortesting with standard atmosphere for testing textiles.4.3.2 Condition 2, wet not immersed.4.3.3 Condition 3, wet immersed.4.3.4 Condition 4, oven-dried.4.3.5 Condition 5, high temperature.4.3.6 Condition 6, low tempe
20、rature.4.4 A test option is specified by combining a specimenconfiguration and a moisture content condition, for example,OptionA1 means a straight specimen conditioned and tested ina standard atmosphere for testing textiles.4.5 Unless otherwise indicated, the phrase “single-strandbreaking force” is
21、associated with Option A1.5. Significance and Use5.1 Acceptance TestingOption A1 of Test Method D2256is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercialshipments because the test method has been used extensively inthe trade for acceptance testing. However, this statement is notapplicable
22、 to knot and loop breaking force tests, tests on wetspecimens, tests on oven-dried specimens, or tests on speci-mens exposed to low or high temperatures and should be usedwith caution for acceptance testing because factual informationon between-laboratory precision and bias is not available.5.1.1 If
23、 there are differences of practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparative tests should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a com-parative t
24、ests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn fromthe same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparateresults during initial testing and randomly assigned in equalnumbers to each laboratory. The test results from the labora-tories involved should be compared using a statistical test
25、forunpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testingseries. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found andcorrected, or future test results for that material must beadjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 Fundamental PropertiesThe breaking tenacity, calcu-lated from the
26、breaking force and the linear density, and theelongation are fundamental properties that are widely used toestablish limitations on yarn processing or conversion and ontheir end-use applications. Initial modulus is a measure of theresistance of the yarn to extension at forces below the yieldpoint. T
27、he chord modulus is used to estimate the resistance toimposed strain. The breaking toughness is a measure of thework necessary to break the yarn.5.3 Comparison to Skein TestingThe single-strandmethod gives a more accurate measure of breaking forcepresent in the material than does the skein method an
28、d uses lessmaterial. The skein-breaking force is always lower than thesum of the breaking forces of the same number of ends brokenindividually.5.4 ApplicabilityMost yarns can be tested by this testmethod. Some modification of clamping techniques may benecessary for a given yarn depending upon its st
29、ructure andcomposition. To prevent slippage in the clamps or damage as aresult of being gripped in the clamps, special clampingadaptations may be necessary with high modulus yarns madefrom fibers such as glass or extended chain polyolefin. Speci-men clamping may be modified as required at the discre
30、tion ofthe individual laboratory providing a representative force-elongation curve is obtained. In any event, the proceduredescribed in this test method for obtaining tensile propertiesmust be maintained.5.5 Breaking StrengthThe breaking strength of a yarninfluences the breaking strength of fabrics
31、made from the yarn,although the breaking strength of a fabric also depends on itsconstruction and may be affected by manufacturing operations.5.5.1 Because breaking strength for any fiber-type is ap-proximately proportional to linear density, strands of differentsizes can be compared by converting t
32、he observed breakingstrength to breaking tenacity (centinewtons per tex, grams-force per tex, or grams-force per denier).5.6 ElongationThe elongation of a yarn has an influenceon the manufacturing process and the products made. Itprovides an indication of the likely stretch behavior of garmentareas
33、such as knees, elbows, or other points of stress. It alsoprovides design criteria for stretch behavior of yarns or cordsused as reinforcement for items such as plastic products, hose,and tires.5.7 Force-Elongation CurveForce-elongation curves per-mit the calculation of various values, not all of whi
34、ch arediscussed in this test method, such as elongation at break,elongation at specified force, force at specified elongation,initial elastic modulus which is resistance to stretching, com-pliance which is ability to yield under stress, and is thereciprocal of the elastic modulus, and area under the
35、 curve, ameasure of toughness, which is proportional to the work done.NOTE 3Force-elongation curves can be converted to stress-straincurves if the force is converted to unit stress, such as to centinewtons pertex, or pounds per square inch, or pascals, or grams-force per tex, orgrams-force per denie
36、r, and the elongation is based on change per unitlength.5.8 Knot and Loop Breaking ForceThe reduction inbreaking force due to the presence of a knot or loop isD2256/D2256M 1012considered a measure of the brittleness of the yarn. Elongationin knot or loop tests is not known to have any significance a
37、ndis not usually reported.5.9 Rate of OperationIn general, the breaking forcedecreases slightly as time-to-break increases.5.9.1 Operation of CRT, CRE, and CRL tension testingmachines at a constant time-to-break has been found tominimize differences in test results between the three types oftension
38、testing machines. When tensile tests are performed at afixed time-to-break, then reasonable agreement in breakingforce has generally been found to exist between CRT and CREtension testing machines.4Consistent results are also obtainedbetween different manufacturers of CRL tension testing ma-chines w
39、hen they are operated at the same time-to-break. Theagreement is not necessarily good, however, between CRE orCRT tension testing machines on the one hand and CRLtension testing machines on the other even when they are alloperated at the same time-to-break. The CRE-type tester is thepreferred tensio
40、n testing machine.5.9.2 This test method specifies an average time-to-break of20 6 3 s as recommended by ISO TC 38 on Textiles, TheInternational Standards Association test committee for stan-dardizing tests for fibers, yarns, and fabrics. It also provides foralternate speeds, such as 300 6 10 mm 12
41、6 0.5 in./minwhen using a 250-mm 10-in. gage length. See 9.2.5.9.3 The tolerance of 63 s for the time-to-break is wideenough to permit convenient adjustment of the tension testingmachines rate of operation, and it is narrow enough to ensuregood agreement between tests. The difference in breaking for
42、cebetween tests at 17 and 23 s will usually not exceed 1.5 % ofthe higher value.5.9.4 In case a tension testing machine is not capable ofbeing operated at 20-s time-to-break, alternative rates ofoperation are included in this test method. These alternativerates may be used only by agreement between
43、the partiesconcerned or when required in an applicable material specifi-cation.5.10 Tests on Wet SpecimensTests on wet specimens areusually made only on yarns which show a loss of breakingforce when wet or when exposed to high humidity, forexample, yarns made from animal fibers and man-made fibersba
44、sed on regenerated and modified cellulose. Wet tests aremade on flax yarns to detect adulteration by failure to show again in breaking force.5.11 Tests on Oven-Dried Specimens and Specimens at HighTemperaturesTests on oven-dried specimens at standard orhigh temperatures are usually made only on yarn
45、s that will beused at high temperatures or will be used under very dryconditions which will affect the observed breaking force, forexample, on rayon yarns intended for use in tire cords andyarns for other industrial purposes. Note that results obtainedwhen testing oven-dried specimens at standard te
46、mperaturewill not necessarily agree with the results obtained whentesting oven-dried yarns at high temperatures.5.12 Tests on Specimens at Low TemperaturesTests onspecimens exposed to low temperatures are usually made onlyon yarns that will be used at low temperatures, for example,yarns used in oute
47、rwear designed for cold climates or outer-space situations. Low-temperature tests are made on coatedyarns used in the manufacture of materials used in outdoorapplications, such as screening fabrics.6. Apparatus and Reagents6.1 Tension Testing Machine, of the CRE, CRL, or CRTtype, conforming to Speci
48、fication D76, with respect to forceindication, working range, capacity, and verification of re-corded elongation, and designed for operation at the ratesspecified in 9.1. A variable-speed drive, a change of gears, orinterchangeable weights are required to obtain the 20-s time-to-break. If the rate o
49、f operation is adjusted in steps, the stepsshould be no greater than 1.25:1.00. The tension testingmachine may be equipped with: (1) clamps having flat-facedjaws or (2) capstan-, drum-, or snubbing-type clamps (Note 5).Automatic (self-loading and recording) single-end tensiontesting machines may be used, provided they meet the require-ments as to gage length, rate of operation, and accuracy ofcalibration. The tension testing machine may be interfacedwith a computer system for operation and data gathering. TheCRE-type tension testing machine is recommended u
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