1、Designation: D 229 01An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forRigid Sheet and Plate Materials Used for ElectricalInsulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 229; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test
3、methods cover procedures for testing rigidelectrical insulation normally manufactured in flat sheet orplate form. They are generally used as terminal boards, spacers,voltage barriers, and circuit boards.NOTE 1For tests applying to vulcanized fibre reference should bemade to Test Methods D 619.NOTE 2
4、This standard resembles IEC 60893-2, Specification for RigidIndustrial Laminated Sheets Based On Thermosetting Resins for ElectricalPurpose, Methods of Tests.1.2 The test methods appear in the following sections:Test SectionsASTMTestMethodAcetone extractable matter 83 to 84 D 494Arc resistance 47 D
5、495Ash 56 to 60 .Bonding strength 49 to 54 .Burning rate and flame resistance 61 to 75 .Compressive strength 25 D 695Conditioning 4 D 6054Dissipation factor 34 to 40 D 669Dielectric strength 28 to 33 D 149Expansion (linear thermal) 76 D 696Flexural properties 12 to 24 D 790Hardness (Rockwell) 55 D 7
6、85Insulation resistance and resistivity 41 to 46 D 257Permittivity 34 to 40 D 150Resistance to impact 26 D 256Tensile properties 7 to 11 D 638Thickness 5 to 6 D 374Tracking resistance 48 D 2132Warp or twist 77 to 82 .Water absorption 27 D 5701.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regard
7、edas the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound unitsgiven in these test methods may be approximate.1.4 This is a fire-test-response standard. See Sections 61through 75, which are the procedures for burning rate andflame resistance.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafe
8、ty concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in 31.1 and 61.5.2. Reference
9、d Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage andDielectric Strength of Solid Electrical Insulating Materialsat Commercial Power Frequencies2D 150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Per-mittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insula-tion2D 256
10、 Test Methods for Determining the Izod PendulumImpact Resistance of Plastics3D 257 Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance ofInsulating Materials2D 374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lation2D 494 Test Method for Acetone Extraction of PhenolicMolded or Laminated Products4D
11、495 Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, DryArc Resistance of Solid Electrical Insulation2D 570 Test Method for Water Absorption of Plastics3D 617 Test Method for Punching Quality of Phenolic Lami-nated Sheets2D 619 Test Methods for Vulcanized Fibre Used for Electri-cal Insulation2D 638 Test M
12、ethod for Tensile Properties of Plastics3D 669 Test Method for Dissipation Factor and PermittivityParallel with Laminations of Laminated Sheet and PlateMaterials2D 695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidPlastics31These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElect
13、rical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D09.07 on Flexible and Rigid Insulating Materials.Current edition approved November 10, 2001. Published January 2002. Origi-nally published as D 229 25 T. Last previous edition D 229 96.2Annual Book of ASTM St
14、andards, Vol 10.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.4Discontinued; see 1991 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 696 Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Ex-pans
15、ion of Plastics Between 30C and 30C With aVitreous Silica Dilatometer3D 785 Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics andElectrical Insulating Materials3D 790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforcedand Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-als3D 792 Test Methods for D
16、ensity and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement3D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics3D 1674 Methods of Testing Polymerizable EmbeddingCompounds Used for Electrical Insulation4D 1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation2D 1825 Practice for Etching and Cleaning C
17、opper-CladElectrical Insulating Materials and Thermosetting Lami-nates for Electrical Testing2D 2132 Test Method for Dust-and-Fog Tracking and Ero-sion Resistance of Electrical Insulating Materials2D 2303 Test Methods for Liquid-Contaminant, Inclined-Plane Tracking and Erosion of Insulating Material
18、s2D 3487 Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used inElectrical Apparatus5D 5032 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humid-ity by Means of Aqueous Glycerin Solutions6D 6054 Practice for Conditioning Electrical Insulating Ma-terials for Testing6E 197 Specification for Enclosures and Servic
19、ing Units forTests Above and Below Room Temperature7,2.2 IEC Standard:IEC 608932 Specification for Rigid Industrial LaminatedSheets Based on Thermosetting Resins for ElectricalPurpose, Methods of Tests83. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRigid electrical insulating materials aredefined in these test method
20、s in accordance with TerminologyD 883. The terminology applied to materials in these testmethods shall be in accordance with the terms appearing inTerminologies D 883 and D 1711.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 In referring to the cutting, application, and loading ofthe speci
21、mens, the following terms apply:3.2.1.1 crosswise (CW), adjin the direction of the sheet at90 to the lengthwise direction. This is normally the weakestdirection in flexure. For some materials, including the rawmaterials used for manufacture of materials considered herein,this direction may be design
22、ated as the cross-machine directionor the weft direction.3.2.1.2 edgewise loading, nmechanical force applied inthe plane of the original sheet or plate.3.2.1.3 flatwise loading, nmechanical force applied nor-mal to the surfaces of the original sheet or plate.3.2.1.4 lengthwise (LW), adjin the direct
23、ion of the sheetwhich is strongest in flexure. For some materials, including theraw materials used for the manufacture of materials consideredherein, this direction may be designated as the machinedirection or the warp direction.3.2.2 In referring to bonding strength, the following termapplies:3.2.2
24、.1 bonding strength, nthe force required to split aprescribed specimen under the test conditions specified herein.4. Conditioning4.1 The properties of the materials described in these testmethods are affected by the temperature and moisture exposureof the materials to a greater or lesser extent, dep
25、ending on theparticular material and the specific property. Control of tem-perature and humidity exposure is undertaken to: (1) obtainsatisfactory test precision, or (2) study the behavior of thematerial as influenced by specific temperature and humidityconditions.4.2 Unless otherwise specified in t
26、hese test methods or by aspecific ASTM material specification, or unless material be-havior at a specific exposure is desired, condition test speci-mens in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D 6054 andtest in the Standard Laboratory Atmosphere (23 6 1.1C, 50 62 % relative humidity).THICKNESS5.
27、Apparatus and Procedure5.1 Measure thickness in accordance with Test MethodsD 374.5.2 On test specimens, the use of a machinists micrometeras specified in Method B is satisfactory for the determination ofthickness for all of the test methods that follow. Where it isconvenient, the deadweight dial mi
28、crometer, Method C, maybe used.5.3 On large sheets, use Method B. Choose a micrometerwith a yoke of sufficient size and rigidity to permit accuratemeasurements in the center of the sheet.6. Precision and Bias6.1 Results of comparative tests in several factories, mea-suring 36-in. (914-mm) square she
29、ets by a variety of suchdevices, indicate that the trade is able to measure sheets132 and18 in. (1 and 3 mm) in thickness to accuracy of 0.0015 in.(0.0381 mm). (In the tests, s, of 0.0005 in. (0.0127 mm) wasobtained.)6.2 This test method has no bias because the value forbreaking strength is determin
30、ed solely in terms of this testmethod itself.TENSILE PROPERTIES7. Test Specimens7.1 Machine the test specimens from sample material toconform to the dimensions of sheet and plate materials in Fig.1.7.2 Prepare four LW and four CW specimens.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.03.6Annual Book of AS
31、TM Standards, Vol 10.02.7Discontinued; see 1979 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 40.8Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036.D 22928. Rate of Loading8.1 The materials covered by these test methods generallyexhibit high elastic modulus. Us
32、e any crosshead speed pro-vided that the load and strain indicators are capable of accuratemeasurement at the speed used, except use 0.05 in./min (1mm/min) in matters of dispute.9. Procedure9.1 Measure the tensile strength and elastic modulus inaccordance with Test Method D 638 except as modified in
33、 thefollowing paragraphs.9.2 Measure the width and thickness of the specimen to thenearest 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) at several points along the lengthof the flat section, which is indicated as Dimension F in Fig. 1.Record the minimum values of cross-sectional area so deter-mined.9.3 Place the specimen i
34、n the grips of the testing machine,taking care to align the long axis of the specimen and the gripswith an imaginary line joining the points of attachment of thegrips to the machine. Allow 0.25 in. (6.3 mm) between the endsof the gripping surfaces and the shoulders of the fillet of the flattest spec
35、imen; thus, the ends of the gripping surfaces should bethe indicated distance apart, as shown in Fig. 1, at the start ofthe test. Tighten the grips evenly and firmly to the degreenecessary to prevent slippage of the specimen during the test,but not to the point where the specimen would be crushed.9.
36、4 Tensile StrengthSet the rate of loading. Load thespecimen at the indicated rate until the specimen ruptures.Record the maximum load (usually the load at rupture).9.5 Elastic ModulusWhen elastic modulus is desired, usea load-extension recorder with appropriate extension transmit-ter and proceed as
37、in 9.3. Attach the extension transmitter, andproceed as in 9.4.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested,10.1.2 Type of test specimen (I or II),10.1.3 Conditioning if other than specified,10.1.4 Speed of testing,10.1.5 Calculated tensile st
38、rength, average, maximum, andminimum in lb/in.2(MPa), for LW and CW specimens, respec-tively,10.1.6 Calculated elastic modulus when applicable, aver-age, maximum, and minimum in lb/in.2(MPa), for LW and CWspecimens, respectively, and10.1.7 Any other tensile property calculated from the mea-surements
39、 obtained.11. Precision and Bias11.1 This test method has been in use for many years, but nostatement for precision has been made and no activity isplanned to develop such a statement.11.2 This test method has no bias because the value forbreaking strength is determined solely in terms of this testm
40、ethod itself. See Test Method D 638 for a discussion ofprecision and bias for tensile testing of plastics.DimensionNominal Thickness, TTolerance14 in. (6 mm) or UnderOver14 in. (6 mm) to12 in.(13 mm), inclOver12 in. (13 mm) to 1in. (25 mm), inclAType I Type IIBType I Type IIBType Imm in. mm in. mm i
41、n. mm in. mm in. mm in.CWidth over-all 19.05 0.750 19.05 0.750 28.57 1.125 28.57 1.125 38.10 1.500 60.40 + 0.0160.00 0.000WWidth of flat section 12.70 0.500 6.35 0.250 19.05 0.750 9.52 0.375 25.40 1.000 + 0.12 + 0.005FLength of flat section 57.1 2.25 57.1 2.250 57.1 2.25 57.1 2.25 57.1 2.25 60.40 60
42、.016GGage lengthC50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 60.40 60.016DDistance between grips 114 412 133 514 114 412 133 514 133 514 63 618LLength over-all 216 812 238 938 248 934 257 1018 305 12 min minRad.Radius of fillet 76 3 76 3 76 3 76 3 76 3 min minAFor sheets of a nominal thickness
43、 over 1 in. (25.4 mm) machine the specimens to 1 in. (25.4 mm) 6 0.010 in. (0.25 mm) in thickness. For thickness between 1 in.(25.4 mm) and 2 in. (51 mm), machine approximately equal amounts from each surface. For thicker sheets, machine both surfaces and note the location of the specimenwith refere
44、nce to the original thickness.BUse the type II specimen for material from which the Type I specimen does not give satisfactory failures in the gage length, such as for resin-impregnated compressedlaminated wood.CTest marks only.FIG. 1 Tension Test Specimen for Sheet and Plate Insulating MaterialsD 2
45、293FLEXURAL PROPERTIES12. Test Specimens12.1 Test four LW and four CW specimens machined fromsample material in accordance with Test Methods D 790.NOTE 3Conventional flexure tests in a flatwise direction are notrecommended for materials thinner than132 in. (1 mm) nor in theedgewise direction for mat
46、erials thinner than14 in. (6 mm).13. Rate of Loading13.1 The materials covered by these test methods generallyrupture during flexural testing at small deflections. Therefore,Procedure A (strain rate of 0.01/min) is specified whenever it isdesired to obtain the modulus of elasticity. Any crossheadspe
47、ed that produces failure in no less than 1 min may be usedwhen flexural strength only is desired, provided that the loadindicator is capable of accurately indicating the load at thespeed used, and except that in all matters of dispute, acrosshead speed that produces the strain rate specified inProce
48、dure A shall be considered to be the referee speed.14. Procedure14.1 Measure the flexural strength and modulus of elasticityin accordance with Procedure A of Test Methods D 790, exceptthat where modulus of elasticity is desired use a load-deflectionrecorder with appropriate deflection transmitter.15
49、. Report15.1 Report the following information:15.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested,15.1.2 Conditioning if other than specified,15.1.3 Speed of testing if other than Procedure A speed,15.1.4 Calculated flexural strength, average, maximum, andminimum in lb/in.2(MPa), for LW and CW specimens, respec-tively,15.1.5 Calculated tangent modulus of elasticity when appli-cable, average, maximum, and minimum, for LW and CWspecimens, respectively, and15.1.6 Any other flexural property calculated from themeasurements obtained.16. Precisi
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