1、Designation: D2321 11D2321 14 An American National StandardStandard Practice forUnderground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewersand Other Gravity-Flow Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Depar
3、tment of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice provides recommendations for the installation of buried thermoplastic pipe used in sewers and othergravity-flow applications. These recommendations are intended to ensure a stable underground environment for thermoplastic pipeunder a wide range of service
4、conditions. However, because of the numerous flexible plastic pipe products available and theinherent variability of natural ground conditions, achieving satisfactory performance of any one product may require modificationto provisions contained herein to meet specific project requirements.1.2 The s
5、cope of this practice necessarily excludes product performance criteria such as minimum pipe stiffness, maximumservice deflection, or long term strength. Thus, it is incumbent upon the product manufacturer, specifier, or project engineer toverify and assure that the pipe specified for an intended ap
6、plication, when installed according to procedures outlined in thispractice, will provide a long term, satisfactory performance according to criteria established for that application. A commentaryon factors important in achieving a satisfactory installation is included in Appendix X1.NOTE 1Specific p
7、aragraphs in the appendix are referenced in the body of this practice for informational purposes.NOTE 2The following ASTM standards may be found useful in connection with this practice: Practice D420, Test Method D1556, Method D2216,Specification D2235, Test Method D2412, Specification D2564, Practi
8、ce D2657, Practice D2855, Test Methods D2922, Test Method D3017, PracticeF402, Specification F477, Specification F545, and Specification F913.NOTE 3Most Plumbing Codes and some Building Codes have provisions for the installation of underground “building drains and building sewers.”See them for plumb
9、ing piping applications.1.3 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of t
10、he safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D8 Terminology Relating to M
11、aterials for Roads and PavementsD420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Design and Construction Purposes (Withdrawn 2011)3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/
12、ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)D1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by Sand-Cone MethodD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2235 Specification for Solvent Cement for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Plastic Pipe and Fit
13、tingsD2412 Test Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate LoadingD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Proc
14、edure)1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.62 on Sewer.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2011Aug. 1, 2014. Published March 2011September 2014. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition a
15、pproved in 20092011 asD2321 09.D2321 11. DOI: 10.1520/D2321-11.10.1520/D2321-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page o
16、n the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be techn
17、ically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this
18、standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D2564 Specification for Solvent Cements for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Piping SystemsD2657 Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyolefin Pipe and FittingsD2855 Practice
19、for Making Solvent-Cemented Joints with Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe and FittingsD2922 Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth) (Withdrawn 2007)3D3017 Test Method for Water Content of Soil and Rock in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)D
20、3839 Guide for Underground Installation of “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) PipeD4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of SoilsF402 Practice for Safe Handling of Solvent Cements, Primers, and Cleaners Used for Joining Thermoplastic Pipe and
21、FittingsF412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping SystemsF477 Specification for Elastomeric Seals (Gaskets) for Joining Plastic PipeF545 Specification for PVC and ABS Injected Solvent Cemented Plastic Pipe Joints (Withdrawn 2001)3F913 Specification for Thermoplastic Elastomeric Seals (Gaskets) for
22、 Joining Plastic PipeF1668 Guide for Construction Procedures for Buried Plastic Pipe2.2 AASHTO Standard:4AASHTO M145 Classification of Soils and Soil Aggregate Mixtures3. Terminology3.1 GeneralDefinitions used in this practice are in accordance with Terminologies F412 and D8 and Terminology D653 unl
23、essotherwise indicated.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 Terminology D653 definitions used in this standard:3.2.2 compaction curve (Proctor curve) (moisture-density curve)the curve showing the relationship between the dry unitweight (density) and the water content of a soil for a given compactive effort.3.2.3 m
24、aximum unit weightthe dry unit weight defined by the peak of a compaction curve.3.2.4 optimum water content contentthe water content at which a soil can be compacted to a maximum dry unit weight bya given compactive effort.3.2.5 percent compactionthe ratio, expressed as a percentage, of: (1) dry uni
25、t weight of a soil, to (2) maximum unit weightobtained in a laboratory compaction test.3.2.5 maximum unit weightthe dry unit weight defined by the peak of a compaction curve.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 foundation, bedding, haunching, initial backfill, final backfill, pip
26、e zone, excavated trench widthSee Fig. 1 for meaningand limits, and trench terminology.4 Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.* See 7.6 Minimum CoverFIG. 1 Tren
27、ch Cross SectionD2321 1423.3.1 aggregatea granular material of mineral composition such as sand, gravel, shell, slag or crushed stone (see TerminologyD8).3.3.2 deflectionany change in the inside diameter of the pipe resulting from installation and imposed loads. Deflection maybe either vertical or h
28、orizontal and is usually reported as a percentage of the base (undeflected) inside pipe diameter.3.3.3 engineerthe engineer in responsible charge of the work or his duly recognized or authorized representative.3.3.4 foundation, bedding, haunching, initial backfill, final backfill, pipe zone, excavat
29、ed trench widthSee Fig. 1 for meaningand limits, and trench terminology.3.3.5 manufactured aggregatesaggregates such as slag that are products or byproducts of a manufacturing process, or naturalaggregates that are reduced to their final form by a manufacturing process such as crushing.3.3.6 modulus
30、 of soil reaction (E)an empirical value used in the Iowa deflection formula that defines the stiffness of the soilembedment around a buried pipe3.3.7 open-graded aggregatean aggregate that has a particle size distribution such that, when it is compacted, the voidsbetween the aggregate particles, exp
31、ressed as a percentage of the total space occupied by the material, are relatively large.3.3.8 processed aggregatesaggregates that are screened, washed, mixed, or blended to produce a specific particle sizedistribution.3.3.9 secant constrained soil modulus (Ms)- a value for soil stiffness determined
32、 as the secant slope of the stress-strain curveof a one-dimensional compression test; Ms can be used in place of E in the Iowa deflection formula.3.3.10 standard proctor densitythe maximum dry unit weight of soil compacted at optimum moisture content, as obtained bylaboratory test in accordance with
33、 Test Methods D698.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is for use by designers and specifiers, installation contractors, regulatory agencies, owners, and inspectionorganizations who are involved in the construction of sewers and other gravity-flow applications that utilize flexible thermoplasti
34、cpipe. As with any standard practice, modifications may be required for specific job conditions or for special local or regionalconditions. Recommendations for inclusion of this practice in contract documents for a specific project are given in Appendix X2.5. Materials5.1 ClassificationSoil types us
35、ed or encountered in burying pipes include those classified in Table 1 and natural,manufactured, and processed aggregates. The soil classifications are grouped into soil classifications in Table 2 based on the typicalsoil stiffness when compacted. Class I indicates a soil that generally provides the
36、 highest soil stiffness at any given percentcompaction, and provides a given soil stiffness with the least compactive effort. Each higher-number soil class providessuccessively less soil stiffness at a given percent compaction and requires greater compactive effort to provide a given level of soilst
37、iffnessNOTE 4See Practices D2487 and D2488 for laboratory and field visual-manual procedures for identification of soils.NOTE 5Processed materials produced for highway construction, including coarse aggregate, base, subbase, and surface coarse materials, when usedfor foundation, embedment, and backf
38、ill, should be categorized in accordance with this section and Table 1 in accordance with particle size and gradation.5.2 Installation and UseTable 3 provides recommendations on installation and use based on soil classification and locationin the trench. Soil Classes I to IV should be used as recomm
39、ended in Table 3. Soil Class V, including clays and silts with liquidlimits greater than 50, organic soils, and frozen soils, shall be excluded from the pipe-zone embedment.5.2.1 Class IClass I materials provide maximum stability and pipe support for a given percent compaction due to the lowcontent
40、of sand and fines. With minimum effort these materials can be installed at relatively high-soil stiffnesses over a wide rangeof moisture contents. In addition, the high permeability of Class I materials may aid in the control of water, and these materialsare often desirable for embedment in rock cut
41、s where water is frequently encountered. However, when ground-water flow isanticipated, consideration should be given to the potential for migration of fines from adjacent materials into the open-graded ClassI materials. (See X1.8.)5.2.2 Class IIClass II materials, when compacted, provide a relative
42、ly high level of pipe support; however, open-gradedgroups may allow migration and the sizes should be checked for compatibility with adjacent material. (See X1.8.)5.2.3 Class IIIClass III materials provide less support for a given percent compaction than Class I or Class II materials. Higherlevels o
43、f compactive effort are required and moisture content must be near optimum to minimize compactive effort and achievethe required percent compaction. These materials provide reasonable levels of pipe support once proper percent compaction isachieved.5.2.4 Class IVClass IV materials require a geotechn
44、ical evaluation prior to use. Moisture content must be near optimum tominimize compactive effort and achieve the required percent compaction. Properly placed and compacted, Class IV materials canprovide reasonable levels of pipe support; however, these materials may not be suitable under high fills,
45、 surface-applied wheelloads, or under high-energy-level vibratory compactors and tampers. Do not use where water conditions in the trench may preventproper placement and compaction.D2321 143NOTE 6The term “high energy level vibratory compactors and tampers” refers to compaction equipment that might
46、deflect or distort the pipe morethan permitted by the specifications or the manufacturer.5.2.5 Class VClass V materials should be excluded from pipe-zone embedment.5.3 Moisture Content of Embedment MaterialsThe moisture content of embedment materials must be controlled to permitplacement and compact
47、ion to required levels. For soils with low permeability (that is, Class III and Class IV and some borderlineTABLE 1 Soil Classification Chart (see Classification D2487)Criteria for Assigning Group Symbols and Group Names Using Laboratory TestsA Soil ClassificationGroupSymbolGroup NameBCoarse-Grained
48、 Soils gravels clean gravels C $ 4 and 1 # Cc #3CGW well-gradedgravelDMore than 50%retained on No. 200sievemore than 50%of coarse fractionretained on No. 4 sieveless than5% of finesECu Cc3CGP poorly gradedgravelDgravels withmore than12 % finesEFines classify as ML orMHGM silty gravelDFGFines classif
49、y as CL orCHGC clayeygravelDFGsands clean sands Cu $ 6 and 1 # Cc #3CSW well-gradedsandH50% or more ofcoarse fractionpasses on No. 4 sieveless than5% finesICu Cc 3CSP poorly gradedsandHsand with fines Fines cLassify as MLor MHSM silty sandFGHmore than12 % finesIFines classify as CL orCHSC clayey sand-FGHFine-Grained Soils silts and clays inorganic PI 7 and plots on orabove “A” lineJCL lean clayKLM50% or more passesthe No. 200 sieveliquid limitless than 50PI 12 % passing #200 sieve; Sandy orgravelly fine-grained soils: CL, ML, orany soil beg
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