1、Designation: D 276 00aStandard Test Methods forIdentification of Fibers in Textiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 276; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONMethods D 276 62 T, Identification of Fibers in Textiles were di
3、scontinued in 1969 because theresponsible subcommittee failed to recommend adoption as standard after several years publication asa tentative. The subcommittee action was based on the members knowledge that the standard did notinclude several fiber types introduced to the textile trade after the met
4、hods were published, and thatthe techniques required to identify these fibers were lacking in the text, so that the text had becomeout of date. Reinstatement as a standard using the previously assigned designation was requested sincethe listed procedures were reliable and the text was considered to
5、be the best available, though notall-inclusive. Extensive editorial changes were made in various sections in 1972, and the methodswere reinstated as D 276 72.The methods have been revised completely, emphasizing infrared spectroscopic techniques foridentifying man-made fiber types. Methods for deter
6、mining several physical properties and solubilitydata useful for confirming infrared spectral identifications have been included. The longitudinal andcross-section photographs of the various fibers have been omitted since they are published elsewhereand the usefulness for identification is limited.
7、Extensive editorial changes have been made throughoutthe text.AATCC Test Method 20 was first published in 1947 and has been revised or reaffirmed on a regularbasis since that time. The most current version is AATCC “Test Method 201999”2.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the identification of thef
8、ollowing textile fibers used commercially in the United States:Acetate (secondary) NylonAcrylic NytrilAnidex OlefinAramid PolycarbonateAsbestos PolyesterCotton RamieCuprammonium rayon Rayon (viscose)Flax SaranFluorocarbon SilkGlass SpandexHemp TriacetateJute VinalLycocell VinyonModacrylic WoolNovolo
9、id1.2 Man-made fibers are listed in 1.1 under the genericnames approved by the Federal Trade Commission and listed inTerminology D 123, Annex A1 (except for fluorocarbon andpolycarbonate). Many of the generic classes of man-madefibers are produced by several manufacturers and sold undervarious trade
10、mark names as follows (Note 1):Acetate AceleT, AvisconT, CelaneseT, ChromspunT, EstronTAcrylic AcrilanT, CourtelleT, CreslanT, DralonT, OrlonT, ZefranTAnidex Anim/8TAramid ArenkaT, ConexT, KevlarT, NomexT, TwaronTCuprammonium BembergTFluorocarbon TeflonTGlass FiberglasT, GaranT, ModiglassT, PPGT, Ul
11、trastrandTLyocell TencelTModacrylic DynelT, KanecaronT, Monsanto SEFT, VerelTNovoloid KynolTPolyamide(Nylon) 6 CaprolanT,EnkaT, PerlonT, ZefranT, EnkalonTPolyamide(Nylon) 6, 6 AntronT,BlueCT, CantreceT, Celanese PhillipsT,EnkaTNylonPolyamide1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Comm
12、ittee D13 onTextiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.51 on Conditioningand, Chemical and Thermal Properties.Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2000. Published November 2000. Originallypublished as D 276 27 T. Last previous edition D 276 00.2AATCC Technical Manual, available fro
13、m the American Association of TextileChemists and Colorists, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.(Nylon) (other) RilsanT(nylon 11), QianaT, StanylEnkaT,(Nylon 4,6)Nytril Da
14、rvanTOlefin DurelT, HerculonT, MarvessT, PolycrestTPolyester AvlinT, BeaunitT,BlueCT, DacronT, EncronT, FortrelT,KodelT, QuintessT, SpectranT, TreviraT, VyoronT,ZephranT, DiolenT, VectranTRayon AvrilT, AviscoT, DynacorT, EnkaT, Fiber 700T, FibroT,NupronT, RayflexT, SuprenkaT, TyrexT, TyronT, Cord-en
15、kaTSaran EnjayT, SaranTSpandex GlospunT, LycraT, NumaT, UnelTTriacetate ArnelTVinyon AviscoT, ClevylT, RhovylT, ThermovylT, VolpexTNOTE 1The list of trademarks in 1.2 does not include all brandsproduced in the United States or abroad and imported for sale in theUnited States. The list does not inclu
16、de examples of fibers from two (ormore) generic classes of polymers spun into a single filament. Additionalinformation on fiber types and trademarks is given in References (1, 2, and3).31.3 Most manufacturers offer a variety of fiber types of aspecific generic class. Differences in tenacity, linear
17、density,bulkiness, or the presence of inert delustrants normally do notinterfere with analytic tests, but chemical modifications (forsuch purposes as increased dyeability with certain dyestuffs)may affect the infrared spectra and some of the physicalproperties, particularly the melting point. Many g
18、eneric classesof fibers are sold with a variety of cross-section shapesdesigned for specific purposes. These differences will beevident upon microscopical examination of the fiber and mayinterfere with the measurements of refractive indices andbirefringence.1.4 Microscopical examination is indispens
19、able for positiveidentification of the several types of cellulosic and animalfibers, because the infrared spectra and solubilities will notdistinguish between species. Procedures for microscopic iden-tification are published in AATCC Method 20 and in Refer-ences (4-12).1.5 Analyses by infrared spect
20、roscopy and solubility rela-tionships are the preferred methods for identifying man-madefibers. The analysis scheme based on solubility is very reliable.The infrared technique is a useful adjunct to the solubility testmethod. The other methods, especially microscopical exami-nation are generally not
21、 suitable for positive identification ofmost man-made fibers and are useful primarily to supportsolubility and infrared spectra identifications.1.6 This includes the following sections:SectionReferenced Documents 2Birefringenceby difference of refractive indices 34, 35Terminology 3Density 24-27Infra
22、red Spectroscopy, Fiber Identification by 17-23Melting Point 28-33Microscopical Examination, Fiber Identification by 9,10Reference Standards 7Sampling, Selection, Preparation and Number of Specimens 6Scope 1Solubility Relationships, Fiber Identification Using 11-16Summary of Test Methods 4Significan
23、t and Use 51.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See
24、 Note 3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles4D 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles4D 789 Test Methods for Determination of Relative Viscos-ity, Melting, Point, and Moisture Content of Polyamide(PA)5D 792 Test Methods for Density and Spec
25、ific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement5D 941 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-cific Gravity) of Liquids by Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnom-eter6D 1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density(Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer6D 1505 Test Method f
26、or Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique5D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing4E 131 Terminology Relating to Molecular Spectroscopy7E 175 Terminology of Microscopy82.2 AATCC Method:Test Method 20 for Identification of Fibers in Textiles23. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3
27、.1.1 birefringence (double refraction), n a property ofanisotropic materials which manifests itself as a splitting of alight ray into components having different vibration directionswhich are transmitted at different velocities.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe vibration directions of the compo-nents are the pr
28、incipal axes of the material and the correspond-ing indices of refraction are its principal (maximum or mini-mum) refractive indices. Numerically, birefringence is thedifference between the maximum and minimum refractiveindices.3.1.2 densitymass per unit volume.3.1.2.1 DiscussionDue to the volume of
29、 included air, theapparent density of fibers and yarns will differ from thedensities of the materials of which the fibers and yarns arecomposed. Test results for fiber density will also vary depend-ing on the test method used. Density is commonly expressed asgrams per cubic centimetre (g/cm3), but t
30、he preferred term inthe International System of units is kilograms per cubic metre(kg/m3). Multiply g/cm3by 1000 to obtain kg/m3and multiplylb/ft3by 16.018 to obtain kg/m3.3.1.3 fiber birefringence, nthe algebraic difference of theindex of refraction of the fiber for plane polarized light3The boldfa
31、ce numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis method.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.7Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.06.8Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.D 276 0
32、0a2vibrating parallel to the longitudinal axis of the fiber and theindex of refraction for light vibrating perpendicular to the longaxis.3.1.3.1 DiscussionFiber birefringence may be either posi-tive or negative, and is not necessarily referred to the principaloptical axes of the material.3.1.4 fiber
33、 density, nmass per unit volume of the solidmatter of which a fiber is composed, measured under specifiedconditions.3.1.4.1 DiscussionUnless otherwise indicated, fiber den-sity is understood to be measured by immersion (buoyancy)techniques, at 21 6 1C, excluding effects due to included airand swelli
34、ng or dissolving of the fiber by the immersion fluid.3.1.5 refraction, nthe deflection from a straight pathundergone by a light ray in passing obliquely from one medium(as air) into another (as glass) in which its velocity is different.3.1.6 refractive index (index of refraction), nthe ratio ofthe v
35、elocity of radiation (as light) in the first of two media toits velocity in the second as it passes from one into the other.3.1.6.1 DiscussionWhen refractive index is referred to asa property of a substance, the first medium is understood to bevacuum. The index of refraction is equal to the ratio of
36、 the sineof the angle of the incident ray to the sine of the angle of therefracted ray (angles measured from the normal to the commonboundary). In general the refractive index of a substance varieswith the frequency of the radiation (13).3.2 For definitions of other terms used in these test methodsr
37、efer to Terminology D 123 for textiles, Terminology E 131 forterms relating to infrared spectroscopy, and Terminology E 175for terms relating to microscopy.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The fiber generic type is identified from its solubility invarious reagents, using a solubility decision scheme (Fi
38、g. 1).4.2 Alternatively, infrared spectra of fibers from textilematerials to be identified are obtained using a FTIR (FourierTransform Infrared) or a double-beam spectrophotometer.Identification of the fiber generic class is made by analysis ofthe fiber spectrum using a decision chart (Fig. 2).4.3 F
39、or plant (native cellulose) and animal hair fibersmicroscopical examination of longitudinal and cross-sectionsis used to distinguish species.4.4 Additional physical properties of the fiber, such asdensity, melting point, regain, refractive indices, and birefrin-gence are determined and are useful fo
40、r confirming theidentification (see Table 1).5. Significance and Use5.1 These test methods are a generally reliable means ofidentifying the generic types of fibers present in a sample oftextile material of unknown composition. The methods aregenerally not useful for distinguishing fibers of the same
41、generic class from different manufacturers or for distinguishingdifferent fiber types of the same generic class from oneproducer.5.2 Many fibers are chemically modified by their producersin various ways so as to alter their properties. It is possible forsuch modifications to interfere seriously with
42、 the analyses usedin these test methods. Considerable experience and diligence ofthe analyst may be necessary to resolve satisfactorily thesedifficulties.5.3 Dyes, lubricants, and delustrants are not present nor-mally in amounts large enough to interfere with the analyses.5.4 These test methods are
43、not recommended for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments because of the qualitativenature of the results and because of the limitations previouslynoted.NOTE 2For statements on precision and bias of the standard quanti-tative test methods for determining physical properties for confirmation offi
44、ber identification refer to the cited test method. The precision and bias ofthe nonstandard quantitative test methods described are strongly influ-enced by the skill of the operator. The limited use of the test methods forqualitative identification cannot justify the effort that would be necessaryto
45、 determine the precision and bias of the techniques.6. Sampling, Selection, Preparation, and Number ofSpecimens6.1 The quantity of material per specimen and the numberof specimens required differ according to the types of analysesthat are to be conducted. It is possible to make an identificationusin
46、g a sample of less than 10 mg of each type of fiber present.6.2 In order to identify the components of a textile materialreliably, it is essential that an adequate sample of each type offiber present be isolated physically, and vice-versa. It is notpossible, in general, to identify the components of
47、 a mixture byanalysis of the mixtures infrared spectrum and, in fact, falseconclusions may be drawn if such a procedure is attempted.Comparison of the spectra of unknown materials to a proper setof reference spectra of various fiber types (see 7.1) can beuseful for avoiding these problems.6.3 An ess
48、ential first step in isolation and identification offibers is visual examination and physical separation of allvisually different types of fibers in the material. In order toaccomplish this, it is necessary to consider the following:6.3.1 Asingle yarn may be composed of more than one typeof fiber (a
49、 blend of polyester and cotton staples, for instance).In such cases it may be impractical to separate the fibersmechanically. A selective solvent (refer to Table 1 of TestMethods D 629) can be very useful in these cases, if one can befound. The density gradient column may also be used forseparation.6.3.2 Aplied yarn may be made with one type of fiber in oneply and a different type in another ply.6.3.3 Warp and filling yarns may be of different types andnot every yarn in the warp (or filling) is necessarily made fromthe same type of fiber.7. Reference Standards7.1
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