1、Designation: D341 09 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Practice forViscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid PetroleumProducts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D341; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers kinemat
3、ic viscosity-temperaturecharts (see Figs. 1 and 2), which are a convenient means toascertain the kinematic viscosity of a petroleum oil or liquidhydrocarbon at any temperature within a limited range, pro-vided that the kinematic viscosities at two temperatures areknown.1.2 The charts are designed to
4、 permit petroleum oil kine-matic viscosity-temperature data to plot as a straight line. Thecharts here presented provide a significant improvement inlinearity over the charts previously available under MethodD34143. This increases the reliability of extrapolation tohigher temperatures.1.3 The values
5、 provided in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation only.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3Viscosi
6、ty-Temperature Charts 173. Technical Hazard3.1 WarningThe charts should be used only in that rangein which the hydrocarbon or petroleum fluids are homogeneousliquids. The suggested range is thus between the cloud point atlow temperatures and the initial boiling point at higher tem-peratures. The cha
7、rts provide improved linearity in both lowkinematic viscosity and at temperatures up to 340 C (approxi-mately 650 F) or higher. Some high-boiling point materialscan show a small deviation from a straight line as low as280 C (approximately 550 F), depending on the individualsample or accuracy of the
8、data. Reliable data can be usefullyplotted in the high temperature region even if it does exhibitsome curvature. Extrapolations into such regions from lowertemperatures will lack accuracy, however. Experimental datataken below the cloud point or temperature of crystal growthwill generally not be of
9、reliable repeatability for interpolationor extrapolation on the charts. It should also be emphasizedthat fluids other than hydrocarbons will usually not plot as astraight line on these charts.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubri
10、cants and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved June 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved in 1932. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D341 09. DOI:10.1520/D0341-09R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
11、www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD0341CS. Original adjunct produced in 1965.Copyr
12、ight ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1FIG.1FacsimileofKinematicViscosity-TemperatureChartIHighRange(TemperatureindegreesCelsius)D341 09 (2015)2FIG.2FacsimileofKinematicViscosity-TemperatureChartIILowRange(TemperatureindegreesCels
13、ius)D341 09 (2015)34. Description4.1 The charts are designed to permit kinematic viscosity-temperature data for a petroleum oil or fraction, and hydrocar-bons in general, to plot as a straight line over a wide range.Seven charts are available as follows:3Chart IKinematic Viscosity, High Range:Kinema
14、tic Viscosity: 0.3 cSt to 20 000 000 cStTemperature: 70 C to +370 CSize: 680 mm by 820 mm (26.75 in. by 32.25 in.)Pad of 50ADJD034101Chart IIKinematic Viscosity, Low Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 0.18 cSt to 6.5 cStTemperature: 70 C to +370 CSize: 520 mm by 820 mm (20.5 in. by 32.25 in.)Pad of 50ADJD03
15、4102Chart IIIKinematic Viscosity, High Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 0.3 cSt to 20 000 000 cStTemperature: 70 C to +370 CSize: 217 mm by 280 mm (8.5 in. by 11.0 in.)Pad of 50ADJD034103Chart IVKinematic Viscosity, Low Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 0.18 cSt to 6.5 cStTemperature: 70 C to +370 CSize: 217 mm
16、by 280 mm (8.5 in. to 11.0 in.)Pad of 50ADJD034104Chart VKinematic Viscosity, High Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 0.3 cSt to 20 000 000 cStTemperature: 100 F to +700 FSize: 680 mm by 820 mm (26.75 in. by 32.25 in.)Pad of 50ADJD034105Chart VIKinematic Viscosity, Low Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 0.18 cSt to
17、 3.0 cStTemperature: 100 F to +700 FSize: 520 mm by 820 mm (20.5 in. by 32.25 in.)Pad of 50ADJD034106Chart VIIKinematic Viscosity, Middle Range:Kinematic Viscosity: 3 cSt to 200 000 cStTemperature: 40 C to +150 CSize: 217 mm by 280 mm (8.5 in. by 11.0 in.)Pad of 50ADJD0341074.2 Charts I, II, V, and
18、VI are preferred when convenienceand accuracy of plotting are desired. Chart VII is the middlerange section of Chart I at somewhat reduced scale. It isprovided for convenience in connection with reports and dataevaluation. Charts III and IVare the same as Charts I and II andare provided in greatly r
19、educed scale for convenience inconnection with reports or quick evaluation of data. Theselatter charts are not recommended for use where the mostaccurate interpolations or extrapolations are desired.5. Procedure5.1 Plot two known kinematic viscosity-temperature pointson the chart. Draw a sharply def
20、ined straight line through them.A point on this line, within the range defined in Section 3,shows the kinematic viscosity at the corresponding desiredtemperature and vice versa.45.2 Alternatively, the interpolated and extrapolated kine-matic viscosities and temperatures may be calculated asdescribed
21、 in Annex A1, within the range identified for thecharts in Section 3.6. Extrapolation6.1 Kinematic viscosity-temperature points on the extrapo-lated portion of the line, but still within the range defined inSection 3, are satisfactory provided the kinematic viscosity-temperature line is located quit
22、e accurately. For purposes ofextrapolation, it is especially important that the two knownkinematic viscosity-temperature points be far apart. If thesetwo points are not sufficiently far apart, experimental errors inthe kinematic viscosity determinations and in drawing the linemay seriously affect th
23、e accuracy of extrapolated points,particularly if the difference between an extrapolated tempera-ture and the nearest temperature of determination is greaterthan the difference between the two temperatures of determi-nation. In extreme cases, an additional determination at a thirdtemperature is advi
24、sable.7. Keywords7.1 charts; kinematic viscosity; MacCoull; viscosity;viscosity-temperature charts4If the kinematic viscosities are not known, they should be determined inaccordance with Test Method D445.D341 09 (2015)4ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONSA1.1 The complete design eq
25、uation for the chart as given inAppendix X1.1 is not useful for inter-calculations of kinematicviscosity and temperature over the full chart kinematic viscos-ity range. More convenient equations5that agree closely withthe chart scale are given below. These are necessary whencalculations involve kine
26、matic viscosities smaller than2.0 mm2/s (cSt).log log Z=A2 B logT (A1.1)Z 5 10.71exp21.47 2 1.84 2 0.512! (A1.2) 5 Z 2 0.7# 2 exp2 0.7487 2 3.295 Z 2 0.7#10.6119 Z2 0.7#22 0.3193 Z 2 0.7#3) (A1.3)where:log = logarithm to base 10, = kinematic viscosity, mm2/s (or cSt),T = temperature, K (or t + 273.1
27、5, where t is C), andA and B = constants.A1.2 Inserting EqA1.2 into EqA1.1 will permit solving forthe constants A and B for a fluid in which some of theexperimental kinematic viscosity data fall below 2.0 mm2/s(cSt). This form can also be used to calculate the temperatureassociated with a desired ki
28、nematic viscosity.A1.3 Conversely, the kinematic viscosity associated with astated temperature can be found from the equation determinedas in A1.2 by solving for Z in the substituted EqA1.1, and thensubsequently deriving the kinematic viscosity from the value ofZ by the use of Eq A1.3.APPENDIX(Nonma
29、ndatory Information)X1. HISTORY OF THE ASTM VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE CHARTSX1.1 The forerunner of these charts was published by NeilMacCoull.6His continuation of the study of these chartsresulted in publication in 19277of the chart based onlog log cSt 1 0.7! 5 A 2 B log T (X1.1)An ASTM committee undert
30、ook study of this chart at thattime, resulting in the first ASTM chart publication in 1932using a constant of 0.8 in the equation. The constant wasallowed to vary in charts published after 1937.X1.2 In 1928, Walther8published the log-log Eq X1.1without the constant, and in 1931, the log-log equation
31、 with aconstant of 0.8.X1.3 The present MacCoull-Wright charts are based largelyon the work of MacCoull, Wright, and ASTM SubcommitteeD02.07.X1.4 The current charts were derived9with computer assis-tance to provide linearity over a greater range on the basis ofthe most reliable of modern data. The g
32、eneral relationship is:log log Z 5 A 2 B log T (X1.2)where:Z =(v + 0.7 + C D + E F + G H),log = logarithm to base 10,v = kinematic viscosity, mm2/s (or cSt),T = temperature, K (or t + 273.15, where t is C),A and B = constants,C = exp (1.14883 2.65868v),D = exp (0.0038138 12.5645v),E = exp (5.46491 3
33、7.6289v),F = exp (13.0458 74.6851v),G = exp (37.4619 192.643v), andH = exp (80.4945 400.468v).X1.4.1 Terms C through H are exponentials on the naturalbase e since this simplifies computer programming. Eq X1.1uses logarithms to the base 10 for general convenience whenused in short form.5Manning, R. E
34、., “Computational Aids for Kinematic Viscosity Conversionsfrom 100 and 210F to 40 and 100C,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, JTEVA,Vol 2, No. 6, 1974, pp. 5228.6MacCoull, N., Lubrication, The Texas Company, New York, June 1921, p. 65.71927 International Critical Tables, p. 147.8Walther, C., “ The
35、 Variation of Viscosity with TemperatureI, II, III,” Erdol undTeer, Vol 5, 1928, p. 510, 526, 614.9Wright, W.A., “An Improved Viscosity-Temperature Chart for Hydrocarbons,”Journal of Materials, Vol 4, No. 1, 1969, pp. 1927.D341 09 (2015)5X1.4.2 The limits of applicability are listed below:Z =(v +0.7
36、) 2107to 2.00 cStZ =(v + 0.7 + C) 2107to 1.65 cStZ =(v + 0.7 + C D) 2107to 0.90 cStZ =(v + 0.7 + C D + E) 2107to 0.30 cStZ =(v + 0.7 + C D + E F + G) 2107to 0.24 cStZ =(v + 0.7 + C D + E F + G H) 2107to 0.21 cStX1.5 It is obvious that Eq X1.1 in the simplified form: loglog (v + 0.7) = AB log T will
37、permit kinematic viscositycalculations for a given fluid in the majority of instancesrequired. The constants A and B can be evaluated for a fluidfrom two data points. Kinematic viscosities or temperatures forother points can then be readily calculated.X1.6 Older literature refers to a value called t
38、he ASTMSlope. It should be noted that this value is not the value of Bgiven in Eq X1.2. TheASTM Slope was originally obtained byphysically measuring the slope of the kinematic viscosity-temperature data plotted on the older charts given in TestMethod D341 43. The kinematic viscosity and temperatures
39、cales were not made to the same ratios in Test MethodD341 43. The improved charts given here utilize evendifferent scale ratios for dimensional convenience and a differ-ent constant (0.7) from the older charts; consequently, theoriginal ASTM Slope is not numerically equivalent to B in EqX1.1 from an
40、y of the new charts, nor directly convertible fromEq X1.1.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such pate
41、nt rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited eith
42、er for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair h
43、earing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standa
44、rd may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 09 (2015)6
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