1、Designation:D36/D36M09 Designation: D36/D36M 12Standard Test Method forSoftening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D36/D36M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method cover
3、s the determination of the softening point of bitumen in the range from 30 to 157C 86 to 315Fusing the ring-and-ball apparatus immersed in distilled water 30 to 80C or USP glycerin (above 80 to 157C).1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standa
4、rd. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, as
5、sociated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
6、for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup TesterD140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous MaterialsD3461 Test Method for Softening Point of Asphalt and Pitch (Mettler Cup-and-Ball Method)E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermomete
7、rs3. Summary of Test Method3.1 Two horizontal disks of bitumen, cast in shouldered brass rings, are heated at a controlled rate in a liquid bath while eachsupports a steel ball. The softening point is reported as the mean of the temperatures at which the two disks soften enough to alloweach ball, en
8、veloped in bitumen, to fall a distance of 25 mm 1.0 in.4. Significance and Use4.1 Bitumens are viscoelastic materials without sharply defined melting points; they gradually become softer and less viscousas the temperature rises. For this reason, softening points must be determined by an arbitrary an
9、d closely defined method if resultsare to be reproducible.4.2 The softening point is useful in the classification of bitumens, as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipmentsor sources of supply, and is indicative of the tendency of the material to flow at elevated temperatures encountere
10、d in service.5. Apparatus5.1 RingsTwo square-shouldered brass rings conforming to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1(a).5.2 Pouring PlateA flat, smooth, brass plate approximately 50 by 75 mm 2 by 3 in.5.3 BallsTwo steel balls, 9.5 mm 38 in. in diameter, each having a mass of 3.50 6 0.05 g.5.4 Ball-Cente
11、ring GuidesTwo brass guides for centering the steel balls, one for each ring, conforming to the general shapeand dimensions shown in Fig. 1 (b).1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D08 on Roofing and Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.03 on Sur
12、facingand Bituminous Materials for Membrane Waterproofing and Built-up Roofing.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2009. Published January 2010. Originally approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D3606. DOI:10.1520/D0036_D0036M-09.Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published Jun
13、e 2012. Originally approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D36 09. DOI:10.1520/D0036_D0036M-12.2For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the
14、 standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes ac
15、curately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United S
16、tates.5.5 BathA glass vessel, capable of being heated, not less than 85 mm in inside diameter and not less than 120 mm in depthfrom the bottom of the flare.NOTE 1An 800-mL, low-form Griffin beaker of heat-resistant glass meets this requirement.5.6 Ring Holder and AssemblyA brass holder designed to s
17、upport the two rings in a horizontal position, conforming to theshape and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 (c), supported in the assembly illustrated in Fig. 1 (d). The bottom of the shouldered ringsin the ring holder shall be 25 mm 1.0 in. above the upper surface of the bottom plate, and the lower surfac
18、e of the bottom plateshall be 16 6 3mm58 618 in. from the bottom of the bath.5.7 Thermometers:5.7.1 An ASTM Low Softening Point Thermometer, having a range from 2 to + 80C or 30 to 180F, and conforming to therequirements for Thermometer 15C or 15F as prescribed in Specification E1.As an alternative,
19、 any other thermometric device usedshall be at least: (1) of equal accuracy to that of the thermometer specified in Specification E1, (2) capable of indicating temperatureto within 1C 2F, and (3) stable to within 1C 2F for the duration of the exposure.5.7.2 An ASTM High Softening Point Thermometer,
20、having a range from 30 to 200C or 85 to 392F, and conforming to therequirements for Thermometer 16C or 16F as prescribed in Specification E1.As an alternative, any other thermometric device usedshall be at least: (1) of equal accuracy to that of the thermometer specified in Specification E1, (2) cap
21、able of indicating temperatureto within 1C 2F, and (3) stable to within 1C 2F for the duration of the exposure.5.7.3 The appropriate thermometer shall be suspended in the assembly as shown in Fig. 1 (d) so that the bottom of the bulb islevel with the bottom of the rings and within 13 mm 0.5 in. of t
22、he rings, but not touching them or the ring holder. Substitutionof other thermometers shall not be permitted. As an alternative, any other thermometric device used shall be at least: (1) of equalaccuracy to that of the thermometer specified in Specification E1, (2) capable of indicating temperature
23、to within 0.5C 1.0F,and (3) stable to within 0.5C 1.0F for the duration of the exposure.NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres (60.3 mm except where noted).FIG. 1 Shouldered Ring, Ball-Centering Guide, Ring Holder, and Assembly of Apparatus Showing Two RingsD36/D36M 1226. Reagents and Materials6.1
24、Bath Liquids:6.1.1 Freshly Boiled Distilled Water.NOTE 2The use of freshly boiled distilled water is essential to avoid trapping air bubbles on the surface of the specimen which may affect the results.6.1.2 USP Glycerin.(WarningGlycerin has a flash point of 160C 320F in accordance with Test Method D
25、92.)6.2 Release Agents:6.2.1 To prevent adhesion of bitumen to the pouring plate when casting disks, the surface of the brass pouring plate may bethinly coated just before use with silicone oil or grease, a mixture of glycerin and dextrin, talc, or china clay. (WarningIsolatesilicones from other bit
26、uminous testing equipment and samples to avoid contamination, and wear disposable rubber gloveswhenever handling silicones or apparatus coated with them. Silicone contamination can produce erroneous results in other testssuch as those for penetration and flash point.)7. Hazards7.1 WarningMercury has
27、 been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause centralnervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Cautionshould be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the
28、applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) for details and EPAs website, http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm, for additional information. Users should be awarethat selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state may be prohibited by state law.8. Sampling8.1 Sample the mater
29、ial in accordance with Practice D140.9. Test Specimens9.1 Do not start unless it is planned to complete preparation and testing of all asphalt specimens within 6 h and all coal-tar pitchspecimens within 412 h. Heat the bitumen sample with care, stirring frequently to prevent local overheating, until
30、 it has becomesufficiently fluid to pour (Note 3). Stir carefully to avoid incorporation of air bubbles in the sample.NOTE 3An electric hot plate having a minimum power to unit-surface-area ratio of 37 kW/m2has been found satisfactory for this purpose.9.1.1 Take no more than2htoheat an asphalt sampl
31、e to its pouring temperature; in no case shall this be more than 110C200F above the expected softening point of the asphalt.9.1.2 Take no more than 30 min to heat a coal-tar pitch sample to its pouring temperature; in no case shall this be more than55C 100F above the expected softening point of the
32、coal-tar-pitch.9.1.3 If the test must be repeated later, do not reheat this sample; use a fresh sample in a clean container to prepare new testspecimens.9.2 Heat the two brass rings (but not the pouring plate) to the approximate pouring temperature, and place them on the pouringplate treated with on
33、e of the release agents.9.3 Pour a slight excess of the heated bitumen into each ring, and then allow the specimens to cool in ambient air for at least30 min. For materials that are soft at room temperature, cool the specimens for at least 30 min at an air temperature at least 10C18F below the expec
34、ted softening point. From the time the specimen disks are poured, no more than 240 min shall elapse beforecompletion of the test.9.4 When the specimens have cooled, cut away the excess bitumen cleanly with a slightly heated knife or spatula, so that eachdisk is flush and level with the top of its ri
35、ng.10. Procedure10.1 Select one of the following bath liquids and thermometers appropriate for the expected softening point:10.1.1 Freshly boiled distilled water for softening points between 30 and 80C 86 and 176F; use Thermometer 15C or 15F.The starting bath temperature shall be 5 61C 41 6 2F.10.1.
36、2 USP glycerin for softening points above 80C 176F and up to 157C 315F; use Thermometer 16C or 16F or thethermometric device. The starting bath temperature shall be no higher than 30 6 1C 86 6 2F.10.1.3 For referee purposes, all softening points up to 80C 176F shall be determined in a water bath and
37、 all softening pointsabove 80C 176F shall be determined in a glycerin bath or as agreed to by seller and buyer.10.2 Assemble the apparatus in the laboratory hood with the specimen rings, ball-centering guides, and thermometer in position,and fill the bath so that the liquid depth will be 105 6 3mm41
38、8 618 in. with the apparatus in place. Using forceps, place thetwo steel balls in the bottom of the bath for at least 5 min so they will reach the same starting temperature as the rest of theassembly.10.3 Place the bath in ice water, if necessary, or gently heat to establish and maintain the proper
39、starting bath temperature for15 min with the apparatus in place. Take care not to contaminate the bath liquid.10.4 Again using forceps, place a ball from the bottom of the bath in each ball-centering guide.D36/D36M 12310.5 Heat the bath from below so that the temperature indicated by the thermometer
40、 rises at a uniform rate of 5C 9F/min(Note 4). Protect the bath from drafts, using shields if necessary. Do not average the rate of temperature rise over the test period.The maximum permissible variation for any 1-min period after the first 3 min shall be 60.5C 61.0F. Reject any test in whichthe rat
41、e of temperature rise does not fall within these limits.NOTE 4Rigid adherence to the prescribed heating rate is essential to reproducibility of results. Either a gas burner or electric heater may be used,but the latter must be of the low-lag, variable output type to maintain the prescribed rate of h
42、eating.10.6 Record for each ring and ball the temperature indicated by the thermometer at the instant the bitumen surrounding the balltouches the bottom plate. Make no correction for the emergent stem of the thermometer. If the difference between the twotemperatures exceeds 1C 2F, repeat the test.11
43、. Calculation11.1 For a given bitumen specimen, the softening point determined in a water bath will be lower than that determined in aglycerin bath. Since the softening point determination is necessarily arbitrary, this difference matters only for softening pointsslightly above 80C 176F.11.2 The cha
44、nge from water to glycerin for softening points above 80C creates a discontinuity. With rounding, the lowestpossible asphalt softening point reported in glycerin is 84.5C 184F, and the lowest possible coal-tar pitch softening pointreported in glycerin is 82.0C 180F. Softening points in glycerin lowe
45、r than these translate to softening points in water of 80C176F or less, and shall be so reported.11.2.1 The correction for asphalt is 4.2C 7.6F, and for coal-tar pitch is 1.7C 3.0F. For referee purposes, repeat thetest in a water bath.11.2.2 Under any circumstances, if the mean of the two temperatur
46、es determined in glycerin is 80.0C 176.0F or lower forasphalt, or 77.5C 171.5F or lower for coal-tar pitch, repeat the test in a water bath.11.3 To convert softening points slightly above 80C 176F determined in water to those determined in glycerin, the correctionfor asphalt is + 4.2C + 7.6F and for
47、 coal-tar pitch is + 1.7C + 3.0F. For referee purposes, repeat the test in a glycerin bath.11.3.1 Under any circumstances, if the mean of the two temperatures determined in water is 85.0C 185.0F or higher, repeatthe test in a glycerin bath.12. Report12.1 When using ASTM Thermometer 15C or 15F, repor
48、t to the nearest 0.2C or 0.5F the mean or corrected mean of thetemperatures recorded in 10.6 as the softening point.12.2 When using ASTM Thermometer 16C or 16F report to the nearest 0.5C or 1.0F the mean or corrected mean of thetemperatures recorded in 10.6 as the softening point.12.3 Report the bat
49、h liquid used in the test.13. Precision and Bias13.1 With distilled water or USP glycerin, the following criteria shall be used for judging the acceptability of results (95 %probability):13.1.1 Single-Operator PrecisionThe single-operator standard deviation has been found to be 0.41C 0.73F. Therefore,results of two properly conducted tests by the same operator on the same sample of bi
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