1、Designation: D36/D36M 12D36/D36M 14Standard Test Method forSoftening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D36/D36M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the softening point of bitumen in the range from 30 to 157C 86 to 315F
3、using the ring-and-ball apparatus immersed in distilled water 30 to 80C or USP glycerin (above 80 to 157C).1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shal
4、l be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appr
5、opriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleve
6、land Open Cup TesterD140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous MaterialsD3461 Test Method for Softening Point of Asphalt and Pitch (Mettler Cup-and-Ball Method)E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for
7、 Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method3. Summary of Test Method3.1 Two horizontal disks of bitumen, cast in shouldered brass rings, are heated at a controlled rate in a liquid bath while eachsupports a steel ball. The softening point is reported as the mean
8、of the temperatures at which the two disks soften enough to alloweach ball, enveloped in bitumen, to fall a distance of 25 mm 1.0 in.4. Significance and Use4.1 Bitumens are viscoelastic materials without sharply defined melting points; they gradually become softer and less viscousas the temperature
9、rises. For this reason, softening points must be determined by an arbitrary and closely defined method if resultsare to be reproducible.4.2 The softening point is useful in the classification of bitumens, as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipmentsor sources of supply, and is indicati
10、ve of the tendency of the material to flow at elevated temperatures encountered in service.5. Apparatus5.1 RingsTwo square-shouldered brass rings conforming to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1(a).5.2 Pouring PlateA flat, smooth, brass plate approximately 50 by 75 mm 2 by 3 in.5.3 BallsTwo steel balls,
11、 9.5 mm 38 in. in diameter, each having a mass of 3.50 6 0.05 g.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D08 on Roofing and Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.03 on Surfacingand Bituminous Materials for Membrane Waterproofing and Built-up Roofing.
12、Current edition approved May 1, 2012July 1, 2014. Published June 2012July 2014. Originally approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 20092012 asD36 09.D36 12. DOI: 10.1520/D0036_D0036M-12.10.1520/D0036_D0036M-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contac
13、tASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been
14、made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.C
15、opyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.4 Ball-Centering GuidesTwo brass guides for centering the steel balls, one for each ring, conforming to the general shapeand dimensions shown in Fig. 1 (b).5.5 BathA glass vessel, capab
16、le of being heated, not less than 85 mm in inside diameter and not less than 120 mm in depthfrom the bottom of the flare.NOTE 1An 800-mL, low-form Griffin beaker of heat-resistant glass meets this requirement.5.6 Ring Holder and AssemblyA brass holder designed to support the two rings in a horizonta
17、l position, conforming to theshape and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 (c), supported in the assembly illustrated in Fig. 1 (d). The bottom of the shouldered ringsin the ring holder shall be 25 mm 1.0 in. above the upper surface of the bottom plate, and the lower surface of the bottom plateshall be 16 6
18、3 mm 58 6 18 in. from the bottom of the bath.5.7 Thermometers:5.7.1 An ASTM Low Softening Point Thermometer, having a range from 2 to + 80Cfrom -2 to +80C or 30 to 180F, andconforming to the requirements for Thermometer 15C or 15F as prescribed in Specification E1. As an alternative, any otherthermo
19、metric device used shall be at least: (1) of equal accuracy to that of the thermometer specified in Specification E1, (2)capable of indicating temperature to within 1C 2F, and (3) stable to within 1C 2F for the duration of the exposure.5.7.2 An ASTM High Softening Point Thermometer, having a range f
20、rom 30 to 200C or 85 to 392F, and conforming to therequirements for Thermometer 16C or 16F as prescribed in Specification E1.As an alternative, any other thermometric device usedshall be at least: (1) of equal accuracy to that of the thermometer specified in Specification E1, (2) capable of indicati
21、ng temperatureto within 1C 2F, and (3) stable to within 1C 2F for the duration of the exposure.NOTE 1All dimensions are in millimetres (60.3 mm except where noted).FIG. 1 Shouldered Ring, Ball-Centering Guide, Ring Holder, and Assembly of Apparatus Showing Two RingsD36/D36M 1425.7.3 The appropriate
22、thermometer shall be suspended in the assembly as shown in Fig. 1 (d) so that the bottom of the bulb islevel with the bottom of the rings and within 13 mm 0.5 in. of the rings, but not touching them or the ring holder. Substitutionof other thermometers shall not be permitted. As an alternative, any
23、other thermometric device used shall be at least: (1) of equalaccuracy to that of the thermometer specified in Specification E1, (2) capable of indicating temperature to within 0.5C 1.0F,and (3) stable to within 0.5C 1.0F for the duration of the exposure.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Bath Liquids:6.1
24、.1 Freshly Boiled Distilled Water.NOTE 2The use of freshly boiled distilled water is essential to avoid trapping air bubbles on the surface of the specimen which may affect the results.6.1.2 USP Glycerin. (WarningGlycerin has a flash point of 160C 320F in accordance with Test Method D92.)6.2 Release
25、 Agents:6.2.1 To prevent adhesion of bitumen to the pouring plate when casting disks, the surface of the brass pouring plate may bethinly coated just before use with silicone oil or grease, a mixture of glycerin and dextrin, talc, or china clay. (WarningIsolatesilicones from other bituminous testing
26、 equipment and samples to avoid contamination, and wear disposable rubber gloveswhenever handling silicones or apparatus coated with them. Silicone contamination can produce erroneous results in other testssuch as those for penetration and flash point.)7. Hazards7.1 WarningMercury has been designate
27、d by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause centralnervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Cautionshould be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable prod
28、uct Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) for details and EPAs website, http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm, for additional information. Users should be awarethat selling mercury and/oror mercury containing products products, or both, into your state may be prohibited by state law.8. Sampling8.1 Sample the
29、 material in accordance with Practice D140.9. Test Specimens9.1 Do not start unless it is planned to complete preparation and testing of all asphalt specimens within 6 h and all coal-tar pitchspecimens within 412 h. Heat the bitumen sample with care, stirring frequently to prevent local overheating,
30、 until it has becomesufficiently fluid to pour (Note 3). Stir carefully to avoid incorporation of air bubbles in the sample.NOTE 3An electric hot plate having a minimum power to unit-surface-area ratio of 37 kW/m2 has been found satisfactory for this purpose.9.1.1 Take no more than 2 h to heat an as
31、phalt sample to its pouring temperature; in no case shall this be more than 110C200F above the expected softening point of the asphalt.9.1.2 Take no more than 30 min to heat a coal-tar pitch sample to its pouring temperature; in no case shall this be more than55C 100F above the expected softening po
32、int of the coal-tar-pitch.9.1.3 If the test must be repeated later, do not reheat this sample; use a fresh sample in a clean container to prepare new testspecimens.9.2 Heat the two brass rings (but not the pouring plate) to the approximate pouring temperature, and place them on the pouringplate trea
33、ted with one of the release agents.9.3 Pour a slight excess of the heated bitumen into each ring, and then allow the specimens to cool in ambient air for at least30 min. For materials that are soft at room temperature, cool the specimens for at least 30 min at an air temperature at least 10C18F belo
34、w the expected softening point. From the time the specimen disks are poured, no more than 240 min shall elapse beforecompletion of the test.9.4 When the specimens have cooled, cut away the excess bitumen cleanly with a slightly heated knife or spatula, so that eachdisk is flush and level with the to
35、p of its ring.10. Procedure10.1 Select one of the following bath liquids and thermometers appropriate for the expected softening point:10.1.1 Freshly boiled distilled water for softening points between 30 and 80C 86 and 176F; use Thermometer 15C or 15F.The starting bath temperature shall be 5 61C 41
36、 6 2F.10.1.2 USP glycerin for softening points above 80C 176F and up to 157C 315F; use Thermometer 16C or 16F or thethermometric device. The starting bath temperature shall be no higher than 30 6 1C 86 6 2F.10.1.3 For referee purposes, all softening points up to 80C 176F shall be determined in a wat
37、er bath and all softening pointsabove 80C 176F shall be determined in a glycerin bath or as agreed to by seller and buyer.D36/D36M 14310.2 Assemble the apparatus in the laboratory hood with the specimen rings, ball-centering guides, and thermometer in position,and fill the bath so that the liquid de
38、pth will be 105 6 3 mm 418 6 18 in. with the apparatus in place. Using forceps, place thetwo steel balls in the bottom of the bath for at least 5 min so they will reach the same starting temperature as the rest of theassembly.10.3 Place the bath in ice water, if necessary, or gently heat to establis
39、h and maintain the proper starting bath temperature for15 min with the apparatus in place. Take care not to contaminate the bath liquid.10.4 Again using forceps, place a ball from the bottom of the bath in each ball-centering guide.10.5 Heat the bath from below so that the temperature indicated by t
40、he thermometer rises at a uniform rate of 5C 9F/min(Note 4). Protect the bath from drafts, using shields if necessary. Do not average the rate of temperature rise over the test period.The maximum permissible variation for any 1-min period after the first 3 min shall be 60.5C 61.0F. Reject any test i
41、n whichthe rate of temperature rise does not fall within these limits.NOTE 4Rigid adherence to the prescribed heating rate is essential to reproducibility of results. Either a gas burner or electric heater may be used,but the latter must be of the low-lag, variable output type to maintain the prescr
42、ibed rate of heating.10.6 Record for each ring and ball the temperature indicated by the thermometer at the instant the bitumen surrounding the balltouches the bottom plate. Make no correction for the emergent stem of the thermometer. If the difference between the twotemperatures exceeds 1C 2F, repe
43、at the test.11. Calculation11.1 For a given bitumen specimen, the softening point determined in a water bath will be lower than that determined in aglycerin bath. Since the softening point determination is necessarily arbitrary, this difference matters only for softening pointsslightly above 80C 176
44、F.11.2 The change from water to glycerin for softening points above 80C creates a discontinuity. With rounding, the lowestpossible asphalt softening point reported in glycerin is 84.5C 184F, and the lowest possible coal-tar pitch softening pointreported in glycerin is 82.0C 180F. Softening points in
45、 glycerin lower than these translate to softening points in water of 80C176F or less, and shall be so reported.11.2.1 The correction for asphalt is 4.2C 7.6F,is 4.2C 7.6F, and for coal-tar pitch is 1.7C 3.0F.is 1.7C3.0F. For referee purposes, repeat the test in a water bath.11.2.2 Under any circumst
46、ances, if the mean of the two temperatures determined in glycerin is 80.0C 176.0F or lower forasphalt, or 77.5C 171.5F or lower for coal-tar pitch, repeat the test in a water bath.11.3 To convert softening points slightly above 80C 176F determined in water to those determined in glycerin, the correc
47、tionfor asphalt is + 4.2C + 7.6Fis +4.2C +7.6F and for coal-tar pitch is + 1.7C + 3.0F.is +1.7C +3.0F. For refereepurposes, repeat the test in a glycerin bath.11.3.1 Under any circumstances, if the mean of the two temperatures determined in water is 85.0C 185.0F or higher, repeatthe test in a glycer
48、in bath.12. Report12.1 When using ASTM Thermometer 15C or 15F, report to the nearest 0.2C or 0.5F the mean or corrected mean of thetemperatures recorded in 10.6 as the softening point.12.2 When using ASTM Thermometer 16C or 16F report to the nearest 0.5C or 1.0F the mean or corrected mean of thetemp
49、eratures recorded in 10.6 as the softening point.12.3 Report the bath liquid used in the test.13. Precision and Bias313.1 With distilled water or USP glycerin, The precision of this test method is based on an interlaboratory study of Test MethodD36/D36Mthe following criteria shall be used , Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatu
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