ASTM D396-2008c Standard Specification for Fuel Oils.pdf

1、Designation: D 396 08cAn American National StandardStandard Specification forFuel Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i

2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oilinte

3、nded for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipmentunder various climatic and operating conditions. These gradesare described as follows:1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, andNo. 2 S500 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic andsmall industrial burners. Grades No. 1

4、S5000 and No. 1 S500are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or wherestorage conditions require low pour point fuel.1.1.2 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillatefuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used incommercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosityrang

5、e.1.1.3 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 areresidual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used inindustrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handlingand proper atomization.NOTE 1For information on the significance of the terminology andtest methods used in this s

6、pecification, see Appendix X1.NOTE 2A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is givenin X1.3.1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agenciesin formulating specifications to be included in contracts forpurchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fueloils in

7、the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observanceof federal, state, or local regulations which can be morerestrictive.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thi

8、sstandard.NOTE 3The generation and dissipation of static electricity can createproblems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more informa-tion on the subject, see Guide D 4865.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Test M

9、ethod for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD 129 Test Method for Sulfu

10、r in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)D 130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper fromPetroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fu

11、elOils by the Extraction MethodD 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD 524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density

12、 (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Temperature Method)D 2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum ProductsD 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength

13、Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by CentrifugeD 2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution ofPetroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Prod

14、ucts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. Originallyapproved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D 39608b.2For referenced ASTM

15、standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM

16、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 3245 Test Method for Pumpability of Industrial Fuel OilsD 3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Den

17、sity MeterD 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD 4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD 4306 Practice for Aviation

18、Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD 4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD 5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultravi

19、olet FluorescenceD 5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD 5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of LiquidSamples of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD 5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)D 5950 Test Method for Po

20、ur Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Tilt Method)D 5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Rotational Method)D 6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels andFuel SystemsD 6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock(B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels2.2 Other Documents:26

21、CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye Color andConcentration340 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives3EN 14078 Determination of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)content in middle distillates Infrared spectrometrymethod43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 biodiesel, nfuel comprised of mono

22、-alkyl esters oflong chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animalfats, designated B100.3.1.2 biodiesel blend (BXX), nblend of biodiesel fuel withfuel oils.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn the abbreviation BXX, the XX rep-resents the volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend.4. General Requirem

23、ents4.1 The grades of fuel oil specified herein shall be homo-geneous hydrocarbon based oils, free from inorganic acid, andfree from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter.4.2 All grades containing residual components shall remainuniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity in

24、to lightand heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for thegrade.4.3 Fuels Blended with BiodieselThe detailed require-ments for fuels blended with biodiesel shall be as follows:4.3.1 Biodiesel for BlendingIf biodiesel is a component ofany fuel oil, the biodiesel shall meet the requirements

25、 ofSpecification D 6751.4.3.2 Fuel oil containing up to 5 vol% biodiesel shall meetthe requirements for the appropriate grade No. 1 or No. 2 fuelas listed in Table 1.4.3.3 Test Method EN 14078 shall be used for determina-tion of the vol% biodiesel in a biodiesel blend.4.3.4 Fuel oils containing more

26、 than 5 vol% biodieselcomponent are not included in this specification.4.3.5 Biodiesel blends with Grades 4, 5, or 6 are not coveredby this specification.5. Detailed Requirements5.1 The various grades of fuel oil shall conform to thelimiting requirements shown in Table 1. A representativesample shal

27、l be taken for testing in accordance with PracticeD 4057.5.2 Modifications of limiting requirements to meet specialoperating conditions agreed upon between the purchaser, theseller, and the supplier shall fall within limits specified for eachgrade, except as stated in supplementary footnotes for Tab

28、le 1.6. Sampling, Containers, and Sample Handling6.1 The reader is strongly advised to review all intended testmethods prior to sampling in order to understand the impor-tance and effects of sampling technique, proper containers, andspecial handling required for each test method.6.2 Correct sampling

29、 procedures are critical to obtaining asample representative of the fuel oil to be tested. Refer to X1.4for recommendations. The recommended procedures or prac-tices provide techniques useful in the proper sampling orhandling of fuels oils.7. Test Methods7.1 The requirements enumerated in this speci

30、fication shallbe determined in accordance with the following ASTM testmethods,5except as may be required under 7.1.1.7.1.1 Flash PointTest Method D93 (Procedure A) forGrades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500,and No. 4 (Light), and Test Method D93(Procedure B) forGrades No. 4, No. 5 (L

31、ight), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6, exceptwhere other methods are prescribed by law. For Grades No. 13Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Docu-ments, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.4Available from the National CEN members listed on the CEN web

32、site(www.cenorm.be) or from the CEN/TC 19 Secretariat (astmnen.nl).5For information on the precision of the ASTM test methods for fuel oils referto “An Evaluation of Methods for Determination of Sulfur in Fuel Oils” by A. R.Crawford, Esso Mathematics and Systems Inc. and G. V. Dyroff, Esso Research

33、andEngineering Co., 1969. This document is available from the Publications Section,API Library,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 LSt., NW, Washington, DC 20005.D 396 08c2S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 4(Light), Test Methods D 3828 may be used as an alternate withthe same limits

34、. For Grades No. 1, No. 1 Low Sulfur, No. 2,and No. 2 Low Sulfur, Test Method D56may be used as analternate with the same limits, provided the flash point is below93C and the viscosity is below 5.5 mm2/s at 40C. This testmethod will give slightly lower values. In cases of dispute, TestMethod D93, wi

35、th the appropriate procedure, shall be used asthe referee method.7.1.2 Pour PointTest Method D97. For all grades, theautomatic Test Methods D 5949, D 5950, and D 5985 can beused as alternates with the same limits. In case of dispute, TestMethod D97shall be used as the referee method. Alternativetest

36、 methods that indicate flow point properties can be used forlow sulfur residual fuels by agreement between purchaser andsupplier.7.1.3 Water and SedimentThe water and sediment inGrade No. 1 S500, No. 1 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S5000shall be determined in accordance with Test Method D 2709and in

37、Grade Nos. 4, 5, and 6 by Test Method D95and TestMethod D 473. A density of 1.0 kg/L shall be used for the TestMethod D95water.7.1.4 Carbon ResidueTest Method D 524.7.1.5 AshTest Method D 482.7.1.6 DistillationDistillation of Grade No. 1 and No. 2oils shall be determined in accordance with Test Meth

38、ods D86or D 2887.6Results from Test Method D 2887 shall be reportedas “Predicted D86” results by application of the correlation inAppendix X5 Test Method D 2887 to convert the values. Incase of dispute, Test Method D86shall be used as the refereetest method.7.1.7 ViscosityViscosity shall be determin

39、ed in accor-dance with Test Method D 445.6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1553.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Fuel OilsAPropertyASTM TestMethodBNo. 1S500BNo. 1S5000BNo. 2 S500BNo. 2S5000BGrade No. 4(Light)

40、BNo. 4No. 5(Light)No. 5(Heavy)No. 6Flash Point, C, min D93 Proc. AD93 Proc. B38.38.38.38.38.55.55.55.60Water and sediment, % vol, max D 2709 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 . . . . .D95 + D 473 . . . . (0.50)C(0.50)C(1.00)C(1.00)C(2.00)CDistillation Temperature, C D8610 % volume recovered, max 215 215 . .90 % v

41、olume recovered, min . . 282 28290 % volume recovered, max 288 288 338 338Kinematic viscosity at 40C, mm2/s D 445min 1.3 1.3 1.9 1.9 1.9 5.5 . . .max 2.4 2.4 4.1 4.1 5.5 24.0DKinematic viscosity at 100C, mm2/s D 445min . . . . . . 5.0 9.0 15.0max . . . . . . 8.9D14.9D50.0DRamsbottom carbon residue o

42、n 10 %distillation residue % mass, maxD 524 0.15 0.15 0.35 0.35 . . . . .Ash, % mass, max D 482 . . . . 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.15 .Sulfur, % mass maxED 129 . 0.50 . 0.50 . . . . .D 2622 0.05 0.05Copper strip corrosion rating, max,3 h at a minimum controltemperature of 50CD 130 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 . .

43、. . .Density at 15C, kg/m3D 1298min . . . . 876F. . . .max 850 850 876 876 . . . . .Pour Point C, maxGD97 18 18 6 6 6 6 . .HAIt is the intent of these classifications that failure to meet any requirement of a given grade does not automatically place an oil in the next lower grade unless in factit me

44、ets all requirements of the lower grade. However, to meet special operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements may be agreed upon amongthe purchaser, seller, and manufacturer.BUnder United States regulations, Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No.

45、 4 (Light) are required by 40 CFR Part 80 to contain a sufficientamount of the dye Solvent Red 164 so its presence is visually apparent. At or beyond terminal storage tanks, they are required by 26 CFR Part 48 to contain the dye SolventRed 164 at a concentration spectrally equivalent to 3.9 lb per t

46、housand barrels of the solid dye standard Solvent Red 26.CThe amount of water by distillation by Test Method D95plus the sediment by extraction by Test Method D 473 shall not exceed the value shown in the table. For GradeNo. 6 fuel oil, the amount of sediment by extraction shall not exceed 0.50 mass

47、 %, and a deduction in quantity shall be made for all water and sediment in excess of 1.0mass %.DWhere low sulfur fuel oil is required, fuel oil falling in the viscosity range of a lower numbered grade down to and including No. 4 can be supplied by agreement betweenthe purchaser and supplier. The vi

48、scosity range of the initial shipment shall be identified and advance notice shall be required when changing from one viscosity rangeto another. This notice shall be in sufficient time to permit the user to make the necessary adjustments.EOther sulfur limits may apply in selected areas in the United

49、 States and in other countries.FThis limit ensures a minimum heating value and also prevents misrepresentation and misapplication of this product as Grade No. 2.GLower or higher pour points can be specified whenever required by conditions of storage or use. When a pour point less than 18C is specified, the minimum viscosityat 40C for grade No. 2 shall be 1.7 mm2/s and the minimum 90 % recovered temperature shall be waived.HWhere low sulfur fuel oil is required, Grade No. 6 fuel oil will be classified as Low Pour ( +15C max) or High Pour (no max