ASTM D396-2009a Standard Specification for Fuel Oils《燃料油的标准规范》.pdf

1、Designation: D396 09aStandard Specification forFuel Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the yea

2、r of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oilintended for use in various types o

3、f fuel-oil-burning equipmentunder various climatic and operating conditions. These gradesare described as follows:1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, andNo. 2 S500 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic andsmall industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500are particu

4、larly adapted to vaporizing type burners or wherestorage conditions require low pour point fuel.1.1.2 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillatefuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used incommercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosityrange.1.1.3 Grades No. 5 (Light), N

5、o. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 areresidual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used inindustrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handlingand proper atomization.NOTE 1For information on the significance of the terminology andtest methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.N

6、OTE 2A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is givenin X1.3.1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agenciesin formulating specifications to be included in contracts forpurchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fueloils in the selection of the grades mos

7、t suitable for their needs.1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observanceof federal, state, or local regulations which can be morerestrictive.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.NOTE 3The generation

8、and dissipation of static electricity can createproblems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more informa-tion on the subject, see Guide D4865.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD86 Test Method for Distillation of Petrol

9、eum Products atAtmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral

10、 Bomb Method)D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Pe-troleum Products by Copper Strip TestD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oilsby the Extraction MethodD48

11、2 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum ProductsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of C

12、rude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Temperature Method)D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum ProductsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

13、D2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in MiddleDistillate Fuels by CentrifugeD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution ofPetroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct respon

14、sibility of SubcommitteeD02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D39609. DOI:10.1520/D0396-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the AS

15、TM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr

16、 Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D3245 Test Method for Pumpability of Industrial Fuel OilsD3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4

17、057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Cont

18、ainers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD

19、5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum

20、Products(Automatic Tilt Method)D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Rotational Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels andFuel SystemsD6749 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Air Pressure Method)D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend St

21、ock (B100)for Middle Distillate FuelsD6892 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Robotic Tilt Method)D7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline and Diesel Fuelby Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluores-cence Spectrometry2.2 Other Documents:26 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dy

22、e Color andConcentration340 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives3EN 14078 Determination of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)content in middle distillates Infrared spectrometrymethod43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 biodiesel, nfuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters oflong chain fatty acids

23、 derived from vegetable oils or animalfats, designated B100.3.1.2 biodiesel blend (BXX), nblend of biodiesel fuel withfuel oils.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn the abbreviation BXX, the XX rep-resents the volume percentage of biodiesel fuel in the blend.4. General Requirements4.1 The grades of fuel oil specifi

24、ed herein shall be homo-geneous hydrocarbon based oils, free from inorganic acid, andfree from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter.4.2 All grades containing residual components shall remainuniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into lightand heavy oil components outsi

25、de the viscosity limits for thegrade.4.3 Fuels Blended with BiodieselThe detailed require-ments for fuels blended with biodiesel shall be as follows:4.3.1 Biodiesel for BlendingIf biodiesel is a component ofany fuel oil, the biodiesel shall meet the requirements ofSpecification D6751.4.3.2 Fuel oil

26、containing up to 5 vol% biodiesel shall meetthe requirements for the appropriate grade No. 1 or No. 2 fuelas listed in Table 1.4.3.3 Test Method EN 14078 shall be used for determina-tion of the vol% biodiesel in a biodiesel blend.4.3.4 Fuel oils containing more than 5 vol% biodieselcomponent are not

27、 included in this specification.4.3.5 Biodiesel blends with Grades 4, 5, or 6 are not coveredby this specification.5. Detailed Requirements5.1 The various grades of fuel oil shall conform to thelimiting requirements shown in Table 1. A representativesample shall be taken for testing in accordance wi

28、th PracticeD4057.5.2 Modifications of limiting requirements to meet specialoperating conditions agreed upon between the purchaser, theseller, and the supplier shall fall within limits specified for eachgrade, except as stated in supplementary footnotes for Table 1.6. Sampling, Containers, and Sample

29、 Handling6.1 The reader is strongly advised to review all intended testmethods prior to sampling in order to understand the impor-tance and effects of sampling technique, proper containers, andspecial handling required for each test method.6.2 Correct sampling procedures are critical to obtaining as

30、ample representative of the fuel oil to be tested. Refer to X1.4for recommendations. The recommended procedures or prac-tices provide techniques useful in the proper sampling orhandling of fuels oils.7. Test Methods7.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shallbe determined in accordanc

31、e with the following ASTM testmethods,5except as may be required under 7.1.1.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Docu-ments, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.4Available from the National CEN members listed on the CEN website(www.cenorm.be) o

32、r from the CEN/TC 19 Secretariat (astmnen.nl).5For information on the precision of the ASTM test methods for fuel oils referto “An Evaluation of Methods for Determination of Sulfur in Fuel Oils” by A. R.Crawford, Esso Mathematics and Systems Inc. and G. V. Dyroff, Esso Research andEngineering Co., 1

33、969. This document is available from the Publications Section,API Library,American Petroleum Institute, 1220 LSt., NW, Washington, DC 20005.D396 09a27.1.1 Flash PointTest Method D93 (Procedure A) forGrades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500,and No. 4 (Light), and Test Method D93 (Proce

34、dure B) forGrades No. 4, No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6, exceptwhere other methods are prescribed by law. For Grades No. 1S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 4(Light), Test Methods D3828 may be used as an alternate withthe same limits. For Grades No. 1, No. 1 Low Sulfur, No.

35、 2,and No. 2 Low Sulfur, Test Method D56 may be used as analternate with the same limits, provided the flash point is below93C and the viscosity is below 5.5 mm2/s at 40C. This testmethod will give slightly lower values. In cases of dispute, TestMethod D93, with the appropriate procedure, shall be u

36、sed asthe referee method.7.1.2 Pour PointTest Method D97. For all grades, theautomatic Test Methods D5949, D5950, D5985, D6749, andD6892 can be used as alternates with the same limits. In caseof dispute, Test Method D97 shall be used as the refereemethod. Alternative test methods that indicate flow

37、pointproperties can be used for low sulfur residual fuels byagreement between purchaser and supplier.7.1.3 Water and SedimentThe water and sediment inGrade No. 1 S500, No. 1 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S5000shall be determined in accordance with Test Method D2709and in Grade Nos. 4, 5, and 6 by Tes

38、t Method D95 and TestMethod D473. A density of 1.0 kg/L shall be used for the TestMethod D95 water.7.1.4 Carbon ResidueTest Method D524.7.1.5 AshTest Method D482.7.1.6 DistillationDistillation of Grade No. 1 and No. 2oils shall be determined in accordance with Test Methods D86or D2887.6Results from

39、Test Method D2887 shall be reportedas “Predicted D86” results by application of the correlation inAppendix X5 Test Method D2887 to convert the values. In caseof dispute, Test Method D86 shall be used as the referee testmethod.7.1.7 ViscosityViscosity shall be determined in accor-dance with Test Meth

40、od D445.6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report D02-1553.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Fuel OilsAPropertyASTM TestMethodBNo. 1S500BNo. 1S5000BNo. 2 S500BNo. 2S5000BNo. 4 (Light)BNo. 4No. 5(Light)No. 5(Heavy)No. 6Flash P

41、oint, C, min D93 Proc. AD93 Proc. B38.38.38.38.38.55.55.55.60Water and sediment, % vol, max D2709 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 . . . . .D95 + D473 . . . . (0.50)C(0.50)C(1.00)C(1.00)C(2.00)CDistillation Temperature, C D8610 % volume recovered, max 215 215 . .90 % volume recovered, min . . 282 28290 % volume

42、recovered, max 288 288 338 338Kinematic viscosity at 40C, mm2/s D445min 1.3 1.3 1.9 1.9 1.9 5.5 . . .max 2.4 2.4 4.1 4.1 5.5 24.0DKinematic viscosity at 100C, mm2/s D445min . . . . . . 5.0 9.0 15.0max . . . . . . 8.9D14.9D50.0DRamsbottom carbon residue on 10 %distillation residue % mass, maxD524 0.1

43、5 0.15 0.35 0.35 . . . . .Ash, % mass, max D482 . . . . 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.15 .Sulfur, % mass maxED129 . 0.5 . 0.5 . . . . .D2622 0.05 . 0.05 .Copper strip corrosion rating, max,3 h at a minimum controltemperature of 50CD130 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 . . . . .Density at 15C, kg/m3D1298min . . . . 876F.

44、. . .max 850 850 876 876 . . . . .Pour Point C, maxGD97 18 18 6 6 6 6 . .HAIt is the intent of these classifications that failure to meet any requirement of a given grade does not automatically place an oil in the next lower grade unless in factit meets all requirements of the lower grade. However,

45、to meet special operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements may be agreed upon amongthe purchaser, seller, and manufacturer.BUnder United States regulations, Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 4 (Light) are required by 40 CFR Part 80 to conta

46、in a sufficientamount of the dye Solvent Red 164 so its presence is visually apparent. At or beyond terminal storage tanks, they are required by 26 CFR Part 48 to contain the dye SolventRed 164 at a concentration spectrally equivalent to 3.9 lb per thousand barrels of the solid dye standard Solvent

47、Red 26.CThe amount of water by distillation by Test Method D95 plus the sediment by extraction by Test Method D473 shall not exceed the value shown in the table. For GradeNo. 6 fuel oil, the amount of sediment by extraction shall not exceed 0.50 mass %, and a deduction in quantity shall be made for

48、all water and sediment in excess of 1.0mass %.DWhere low sulfur fuel oil is required, fuel oil falling in the viscosity range of a lower numbered grade down to and including No. 4 can be supplied by agreement betweenthe purchaser and supplier. The viscosity range of the initial shipment shall be ide

49、ntified and advance notice shall be required when changing from one viscosity rangeto another. This notice shall be in sufficient time to permit the user to make the necessary adjustments.EOther sulfur limits may apply in selected areas in the United States and in other countries.FThis limit ensures a minimum heating value and also prevents misrepresentation and misapplication of this product as Grade No. 2.GLower or higher pour points can be specified whenever required by conditions of storage or use. When a pour point less than 18C is specifi