1、Designation: D413 98 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Methods forRubber PropertyAdhesion to Flexible Substrate1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D413; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determi
3、nation of theadhesion strength between plies of fabric bonded with rubberor the adhesion of the rubber layer in articles made from rubberattached to other material. They are applicable only when theadhered surfaces are approximately plane or uniformly circularas in belting, hose, tire carcasses, or
4、rubber-covered sheetmetal.1.2 When the adhered surfaces contain sharp bends, angles,or other gross irregularities that cannot be avoided in preparingtest specimens, special test methods must be employed forevaluating adhesion.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The v
5、alues given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of
6、regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3040 Practice for Preparing Precision Statements for Stan-dards Related to Rubber and Rubber Testing (Withdrawn1987)3D3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, and Pro-cedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar
7、ingStandard Vulcanized SheetsD3183 Practice for RubberPreparation of Pieces for TestPurposes from Products3. Summary of Test Method3.1 Two general test methods are given:3.1.1 Static-Mass Method, in which the force required tocause separation between adhered surfaces is applied by meansof gravity ac
8、ting on a mass.3.1.2 Machine Method, in which the force required to causeseparation between adhered surfaces is applied by means of atension machine.3.2 Except as may be otherwise specified in these testmethods, the requirements of Practices D3182 and D3183,shall be complied with and are made a part
9、 of these testmethods.3.3 In case of conflict between the provisions of these testmethods and those of detailed specifications or test methods fora particular material, the latter shall take precedence.3.4 As covered by these test methods, an adhesion testconsists of applying to a test specimen, und
10、er specifiedconditions, a (measured) force sufficient to strip from thespecimen at a measured rate, a layer of moderate thicknesswith separation (rupture, tearing) at the adhered surfaces. Thenumerical value of the adhesion is expressed as (1) the averageforce required to cause separation at a defin
11、ite rate, or (2) theaverage rate of separation caused by a known or specifiedforce. In the machine test method, the rate of separation is fixedand the adhesion value must be expressed in terms of themeasured force. With the static-mass test method, either (1)or(2) can be used, but the latter is pref
12、erable and will be hereemployed.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods are used to ensure the quality of aproduct by determining the force per unit width required toseparate a rubber layer from a flexible substrate such as fabric,fibre, wire, or sheet metal. The acceptable value of adhesionme
13、asured will, of course, vary from product to product due todifferent rubber formulations, flexible substrates, and types ofproducts. However, once a product is established, minimumvalues of separation force can be determined and agreed to byproducer and consumer and both can monitor to assuremainten
14、ance of the agreed-upon minimum value.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 onRubber and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.25 on RubberAdhesive Systems.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published January 2014. Originallyapproved in 1935. Last previ
15、ous edition approved in 2007 as D413 98 (2007).DOI: 10.1520/D0413-98R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe AS
16、TM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1STATIC-MASS METHOD5. Apparatus5.1 The apparatus required for the adhesion test by thestatic
17、-mass test method consists of a supporting frame, testingclamps, mandrels, calibrated masses, and mass carriers. Thesupporting frame is of such design that clamps for stripspecimens hang on it vertically and that mandrels for ringspecimens are supported on it horizontally. The frame hassufficient he
18、ight to permit the mass carrier to be suspendedfrom the test specimens by means of clamps and to hang freelyduring the progress of the test. Provision also is made tosupport the mandrels so that they revolve freely with minimumfriction. Suitable apparatus is shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.6. Test Specim
19、ens6.1 Strip SpecimensType APlane strips having a widthof 25 + 3, 0 mm (1 + 0.125, 0 in.), and a minimum lengthsuch as to permit 180 peel separation over sufficient distanceto indicate the adhesion value.6.1.1 Cut the specimen to 25 + 3, 0 mm (1 + 0.125 0in.) wide. The thickness will vary according
20、to the constructionof the article being tested. The maximum thickness of thespecimen is limited to 13 mm (0.5 in.). To comply with thisrequirement, slice or buff the specimen. The ply or layer beingseparated should never be over 6.5 mm (0.25 in.) thick.6.1.2 Cut the specimen from the article in such
21、 a mannerthat the adhered parts have the same width where practicable.The technique used in 6.2.2 and 6.2.3 may be applied here.When necessary, or specified, cut only the layer to be separated(by application of load) to the prescribed width. In such cases,remove the portions of that layer remaining
22、outside of the testwidth to avoid edge constriction during separation.6.1.3 Curved specimens for test in strip form shall havecurvature only in the length dimension of the specimen.6.2 Strip SpecimensType BThe same as Type A, withthe exception of 90 peel and the separation line in the centerof the s
23、pecimen.6.2.1 Cut the specimen 35 mm (138 in.) wide. Remove theexcess plies to obtain a thickness of 6 mm (14 in.) and leave theseparation line in the center of the specimen to ensure a 90peel.6.2.2 Buff to a width of 30 mm (118 in.) with a coarse gritemery cloth (grit No. 40) with care to prevent b
24、urning orgumming the sides of the specimen.6.2.3 Make a 2-mm (116-in.) deep slit with a knife alongeach side exactly where the specimen is to be separated duringtesting. Use a knife with an adjustable blade where only thedesired depth of cut (2 mm) of blade is exposed.6.3 Ring SpecimensClosed rings
25、having a width of 25 mm(1 in.) and maximum internal diameter of 100 mm (4 in.).6.3.1 Mount the article on a smooth, close-fitting, slightlytapered wooden mandrel.6.3.2 Rotate the mandrel (a lathe is preferred) and cut25-mm (1-in.) wide ring sections by forcing a sharp pointedknife gradually through
26、the article.6.3.3 Cut rings with internal diameters over 100 mm (4 in.)through and open to form strip specimens.7. Procedure7.1 Strip Specimen: Type A, 180 PeelMeasure the widthof the strip cut to the nearest 0.2 mm (0.01 in.) and record.Separate the parts to be tested by hand at one end of the stri
27、pspecimen and at a sufficient distance to permit the jaws of thetesting clamp to be attached. Suspend the strip from thesupporting frame by the separated end, holding in the jaws ofthe testing clamp all separated ends except the one under test.Attach to the lower end of the test specimen a minimum m
28、asssufficient to maintain the strip specimen in approximately avertical position. Or, hold the specimen against a vertical platein such a manner as to keep the specimen in approximately avertical position during the test to ensure a 180 peel. Apply aspecified or known mass by means of a clamp and ma
29、ss carrierto the layer of which the adhesion is being determined. Includethe mass of the clamp and carrier in the total mass causingseparation. Release the mass slowly without jerking and insuch a manner that the separating layer is stripped from thespecimen at an angle of approximately 180.Dimen-si
30、onmm in.Dimen-sionmm in.A 75.0 3 N 10.018B 45.0 114 P 90.0 312C 37.5 112 R 30.0 114D 15.038 S 20.034E 40.0 11116 T 18.02332F 15.018 U 30.0 118G 10.01118 V3.018H11.01332 W614J 13.012 X3.018K8.0116 Y3764L 16.038 Z8.0516M 50.0 118 AA 6.0732AB 75.0 3FIG. 1 Clamp for Adhesion TestD413 98 (2013)27.2 Strip
31、 Specimen: Type B, 90 PeelTest specimens in thesame manner as Type A, with the exception that the unpeeledportion of the specimen is kept in a horizontal position using aplate, if necessary, to ensure a 90 peel.7.3 Ring SpecimensPlace the ring specimen snugly on amandrel that has an outside diameter
32、 substantially the same asthe internal diameter of the ring. Separate the parts to be testedsufficiently by hand to permit the jaws of the testing clamp tobe attached. With the mandrel resting on the supporting frame,apply a known or specified mass by means of the clamp and amass carrier to the laye
33、r of which the adhesion is being tested.Include the mass of the clamp and carrier in the total masscausing separation. Release the mass slowly without jerkingand in such a manner that the separating layer is stripped fromthe specimen at an angle of approximately 90.7.4 Rate of SeparationRecord the t
34、ime needed to com-plete the separation using a stop watch or a watch having asecond hand. Remove the mass and measure the lengthstripped between marks placed at the beginning and end of thetest on the portion other than that stripped.MACHINE METHOD8. Apparatus8.1 A tension testing machine, power-dri
35、ven, accurate towithin 61 % is used for measuring the force required toseparate the layers of the test specimen. A constant rate ofextension testing machine satisfies this condition and is pre-ferred although an inclination-balance, pendulum-type, or aspring-balance apparatus may be used. Requiremen
36、ts of thetesting machine are in 8.2.1 to 8.2.5.8.2 Testing Machine:8.2.1 The testing machine shall be capable of being operatedwithout any device for maintaining maximum load indication.For pendulum-type machines, do not engage pawls that preventthe mass lever from swinging freely.8.2.2 The machine
37、shall be equipped with the chart wherethe distance separated is one axis and the applied force is theother axis of coordinates. The preferred chart speed is the sameas the cross-head speed for ring specimens and one half thecross-head speed for strip specimens.8.2.3 The force applied shall be greate
38、r than 15 % and lessthan 85 % of the capacity of the machine.8.2.4 GripsStrip specimens shall be held in the testingmachine by grips that clamp firmly and prevent slipping at alltimes during the test. For ring specimens, replace the gripattached to the recording head of the machine with a freelyrota
39、ting mandrel with an outside diameter substantially thesame as the inside diameter of the ring specimen. Mount themandrel so that its axis of rotation is in the plane of the plybeing separated and the applied force is normal to the tangentof the ring circumference at the line of separation.8.2.5 The
40、 preferred rate of travel of the power-actuated gripis 0.8 mm/s (2 in./min) for strip specimen TypeA, 2.5 mm/s (6in./min) for Type B, and 0.4 mm/s (1 in./min) for ringspecimens. These rates are to be uniform throughout the tests.9. Test Specimens9.1 Prepare the specimens in accordance with Section 6
41、.10. Procedure10.1 Strip Specimens: Type A, 180 PeelMeasure thewidth of the cut strip to the nearest 0.2 mm (0.01 in.) andFIG. 2 Mandrels and Frame for Static Mass Adhesion TestD413 98 (2013)3record. Separate the parts to be tested by hand at one end of thetest specimen and at a sufficient distance
42、to permit grips of themachine to be attached. Attach the separated end of thespecimen, with all separate parts except the one under testsecurely gripped, to the recording head by means of a clamp,using care to adjust it symmetrically in order that the tensionshall be distributed uniformly. Provide f
43、or maintaining the stripduring the test approximately in the plane of the clamps. Thismay be done either by attaching the minimum mass required tothe free end of the specimen or by holding the specimen againsta plate attached to the stationary clamp but, in either case, takeinto account the added ma
44、ss in determining the force causingseparation. Grip that layer of the specimen of which theadhesion is to be tested symmetrically and firmly withouttwisting in the power-actuated clamp. Adjust the autographicmechanism and chart to zero and start the machine. Strip theseparating layer from the specim
45、en at an angle of approxi-mately 180, and continue the separation for a sufficientdistance to indicate the adhesion value.10.2 Strip Specimen: Type B, 90 PeelSeparate by hand asufficient distance along the separation line in the center of thestrip to permit the grips of the machine to be attached. M
46、akeprovision to keep the unpeeled portion of the test specimen ina horizontal position using a plate if necessary to ensure a 90peel. Peel along the previously cut separation layer for 40 to100 mm (112 to 4 in.).10.3 Ring SpecimensSeparate by hand a sufficient lengthof a layer of the specimen to be
47、tested to permit the power-actuated clamp of the machine to be attached. Place thespecimen snugly on the test mandrel. With the mandrelattached to the recording head of the machine and the separatedlayer gripped symmetrically and firmly without twisting in thepower-actuated clamp, adjust the autogra
48、phic mechanism andchart to zero and start the machine. Strip the separating layerfrom the specimen at an angle of approximately 90 to thetangent of the specimen surface, and continue the separationfor a sufficient distance to indicate the adhesion value. Duringthe test, the mandrel shall rotate free
49、ly so as to maintain theline of separation at all times approximately in the sameposition.PRECAUTIONS, INTERPRETATION, CALCULATION,AND REPORT11. Precautions11.1 Tearing:11.1.1 If, during a test, the substrate rubber begins to tearinstead of separating at the bonded interface, cut the materialbeing torn with a knife up to the surface of contact between thetwo parts and start the test again.11.1.2 If one of the substrate rubbers repeatedly tears,instead of separating from the other part at the bondedinterface, a satis
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