1、Designation: D445 15D445 15a British Standard 2000: Part 71: Section 1: 1996Designation: 71 Section 1/97Standard Test Method forKinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D445; the number immediately
2、 following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been
3、approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for the determination of the kinematic viscosity, , of liquid petroleum products, bothtransparent and opaque, by measuring the time for a volume of liquid to flow under gravity through
4、a calibrated glass capillaryviscometer. The dynamic viscosity, , can be obtained by multiplying the kinematic viscosity, , by the density, , of the liquid.NOTE 1For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity and viscosity of bitumens, see also Test Methods D2170 and D2171.NOTE 2ISO 3104 corresponds
5、to Test Method D445 03.1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application toliquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rates are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior). If, however, the viscosityvaries significantly
6、with the rate of shear, different results may be obtained from viscometers of different capillary diameters. Theprocedure and precision values for residual fuel oils, which under some conditions exhibit non-Newtonian behavior, have beenincluded.1.3 The range of kinematic viscosities covered by this
7、test method is from 0.2 mm2/s to 300 000 mm2/s (see Table A1.1) at alltemperatures (see 6.3 and 6.4). The precision has only been determined for those materials, kinematic viscosity ranges andtemperatures as shown in the footnotes to the precision section.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be
8、regarded as standard. The SI unit used in this test method for kinematic viscosity ismm2/s, and the SI unit used in this test method for dynamic viscosity is mPas. For user reference, 1 mm2/s = 10-6 m2/s = 1 cStand 1 mPas = 1 cP = 0.001 Pas.1.5 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory a
9、gencies as a hazardous material that can cause centralnervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Cautionshould be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data S
10、heet(MSDS) for details and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be awarethat selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concern
11、s, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D446 Specifications and Operating Instruction
12、s for Glass Capillary Kinematic ViscometersD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
13、and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2015Dec. 1, 2015. Published March 2015January 2016. Originally approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 20142015 asD445 14a.D445 15. DOI: 10.1520/D0445-15.10.1520/D0445-15A.In the IP
14、, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
15、the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users
16、consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohoc
17、ken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham PycnometerD1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary PycnometerD2162 Practice for Basic Calibr
18、ation of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil StandardsD2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts (Bitumens)D2171 Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary ViscometerD6071 Test Method for Low Level Sodium in High Purity Water by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrosc
19、opyD6074 Guide for Characterizing Hydrocarbon Lubricant Base OilsD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical Measure-ment System PerformanceD6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Pet
20、roleum Products and LubricantsD6617 Practice for Laboratory Bias Detection Using Single Test Result from Standard MaterialD6708 Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that Purportto Measure the Same Property of a MaterialE1 Specification fo
21、r ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of ThermometersE563 Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath as a Reference TemperatureE644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance ThermometersE1137/E1137M Specification for Industrial Platinum Re
22、sistance ThermometersE1750 Guide for Use of Water Triple Point CellsE2593 Guide for Accuracy Verification of Industrial Platinum Resistance ThermometersE2877 Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 3104 Petroleum ProductsTransparent and Opaque LiquidsDetermination of Kinematic V
23、iscosity and Calculation ofDynamic ViscosityISO 3105 Glass Capillary Kinematic ViscometersSpecification and Operating InstructionsISO 3696 Water for Analytical Laboratory UseSpecification and Test MethodsISO 5725 Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results.ISO 9000 Quality M
24、anagement and Quality Assurance StandardsGuidelines for Selection and UseISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories2.3 NIST Standards:4NIST Technical Note 1297 Guideline for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results5NIST GMP
25、11 Good Measurement Practice for Assignment and Adjustment of Calibration Intervals for Laboratory Standards6NIST Special Publication 811 Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) 7NIST Special Publication 1088 Maintenance and Validation of Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers83. Terminolo
26、gy3.1 See also International Vocabulary of Metrology.93.2 Definitions:3.2.1 digital contact thermometer (DCT), nan electronic device consisting of a digital display and associated temperaturesensing probe.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThis device consists of a temperature sensor connected to a measuring instrum
27、ent; this instrument measures the temperature-dependent quantity of the sensor, computes the temperature from the measured quantity, and provides a digital output. This digitaloutput goes to a digital display and/or recording device that may be internal or external to the device. These devices are s
28、ometimesreferred to as a “digital thermometer.”3.2.1.2 Discussion3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4 Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Dr., Stop 3460, Gaither
29、sburg, MD 20899-3460.5 http:/physics.nist.gov/cuu/Uncertainty/bibliography.html6 http:/ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/upload/GMP_11_Mar_2003.pdf7 http:/www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/sp811/index.cfm8 http:/www.nist.gov/pml/pubs/sp1088/index.cfm9 International Vocabulary of Metrology Basic and General Concept
30、s and Associated Terms (VIM), 3rd ed., 2008, http:/www.bipm.org/en/publications/guides/vim.html.D445 15a2Portable electronic thermometers (PET) is an acronym sometimes used to refer to a subset of the devices covered by this definition.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 automat
31、ed viscometer, napparatus which, in part or in whole, has mechanized one or more of the procedural stepsindicated in Section 11 or 12 without changing the principle or technique of the basic manual apparatus. The essential elementsof the apparatus in respect to dimensions, design, and operational ch
32、aracteristics are the same as those of the manual method.3.3.1.1 DiscussionAutomated viscometers have the capability to mimic some operation of the test method while reducing or removing the need formanual intervention or interpretation.Apparatus which determine kinematic viscosity by physical techn
33、iques that are different thanthose used in this test method are not considered to be Automated Viscometers.3.3.2 density, nthe mass per unit volume of a substance at a given temperature.3.3.3 dynamic viscosity, , nthe ratio between the applied shear stress and rate of shear of a material.3.3.3.1 Dis
34、cussionIt is sometimes called the coefficient of dynamic viscosity or absolute viscosity. Dynamic viscosity is a measure of resistance toflow or deformation which constitutes a materials ability to transfer momentum in response to steady or time-dependent externalshear forces. Dynamic viscosity has
35、the dimension of mass divided by length and time and its SI unit is pascal times second (Pas).Among the transport properties for heat, mass, and momentum transfer, dynamic viscosity is the momentum conductivity.3.3.4 kinematic viscosity, , nthe ratio of the dynamic viscosity () to the density () of
36、a material at the same temperatureand pressure.3.3.4.1 DiscussionKinematic viscosity is the ratio between momentum transport and momentum storage. Such ratios are called diffusivities withdimensions of length squared divided by time and the SI unit is metre squared divided by second (m2/s). Among th
37、e transportproperties for heat, mass, and momentum transfer, kinematic viscosity is the momentum diffusivity.3.3.4.2 DiscussionFormerly, kinematic viscosity was defined specifically for viscometers covered by this test method as the resistance to flow undergravity. More generally, it is the ratio be
38、tween momentum transport and momentum storage.3.3.4.3 DiscussionFor gravity-driven flow under a given hydrostatic head, the pressure head of a liquid is proportional to its density, , if the densityof air is negligible compared to that of the liquid. For any particular viscometer covered by this tes
39、t method, the time of flow ofa fixed volume of liquid is directly proportional to its kinematic viscosity, , where = , and is the dynamic viscosity.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The time is measured for a fixed volume of liquid to flow under gravity through the capillary of a calibrated viscometerund
40、er a reproducible driving head and at a closely controlled and known temperature. The kinematic viscosity (determined value)is the product of the measured flow time and the calibration constant of the viscometer. Two such determinations are needed fromwhich to calculate a kinematic viscosity result
41、that is the average of two acceptable determined values.5. Significance and Use5.1 Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants, and the correct operation of theequipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity
42、of many petroleum fuels isimportant for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination ofviscosity is essential to many product specifications.6. Apparatus6.1 ViscometersUse only calibrated viscometers of the glass capillary type, capable of
43、 being used to determine kinematicviscosity within the limits of the precision given in the precision section.D445 15a36.1.1 Viscometers listed in Table A1.1, whose specifications meet those given in Specifications D446 and in ISO 3105 meetthese requirements. It is not intended to restrict this test
44、 method to the use of only those viscometers listed in Table A1.1. AnnexA1 gives further guidance.6.1.2 Automated ViscometersAutomated apparatus may be used as long as they mimic the physical conditions, operations orprocesses of the manual apparatus. Any viscometer, temperature measuring device, te
45、mperature control, temperature controlledbath or timing device incorporated in the automated apparatus shall conform to the specification for these components as statedin Section 6 of this test method. Flow times of less than 200 s are permitted, however, a kinetic energy correction shall be applied
46、in accordance with Section 7 on Kinematic Viscosity Calculation of Specifications D446. The kinetic energy correction shall notexceed 3.0 % of the measured viscosity. The automated apparatus shall be capable of determining kinematic viscosity of a certifiedviscosity reference standard within the lim
47、its stated in 9.2.1 and Section 17. The precision has been determined for automatedviscometers tested on the sample types listed in 17.4.1 and is no worse than the manual apparatus (that is, exhibits the same orless variability).NOTE 3Precision and bias of kinematic viscosity measurements for flow t
48、imes as low as 10 s has been determined for automated instruments testedwith the sample types listed in 17.4.1.6.2 Viscometer HoldersUse viscometer holders to enable all viscometers which have the upper meniscus directly above thelower meniscus to be suspended vertically within 1 in all directions.
49、Those viscometers whose upper meniscus is offset fromdirectly above the lower meniscus shall be suspended vertically within 0.3 in all directions (see Specifications D446 and ISO3105).6.2.1 Viscometers shall be mounted in the constant temperature bath in the same manner as when calibrated and stated on thecertificate of calibration. See Specifications D446, see Operating Instructions in Annexes A1A3. For those viscometers whichhave Tube L (see Specifications D446) held vertical, vertical alignment shall be confirme
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