1、Designation: D471 12aStandard Test Method forRubber PropertyEffect of Liquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D471; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthe
2、ses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the required procedures toevaluate the comparati
3、ve ability of rubber and rubber-likecompositions to withstand the effect of liquids. It is designedfor testing: (1) specimens of vulcanized rubber cut fromstandard sheets (see Practice D3182), (2) specimens cut fromfabric coated with vulcanized rubber (see Test Methods D751),or (3) finished articles
4、 of commerce (see Practice D3183). Thistest method is not applicable to the testing of cellular rubbers,porous compositions, and compressed sheet packing, except asdescribed in 11.2.2.1.2 ASTM Oils No. 2 and No. 3, formerly used in this testmethod as standard test liquids, are no longer commercially
5、available and in 1993 were replaced with IRM 902 and IRM903, respectively (see Appendix X1 for details).1.3 ASTM No. 1 Oil, previously used in this test method asa standard test liquid, is no longer commercially available andin 2005 was replaced with IRM 901; refer to Table 1 andAppendix X3 for deta
6、ils.1.4 ASTM No. 5 Oil was accepted into Specification D5900as an industry reference material in 2010 and designated asIRM 905. The composition, and properties of this immersionoil were not changed and the data in Table 1 remains current.Refer to Appendix X4 for other details.1.5 The specifications
7、and properties listed in Table 1 forIRM 901, IRM 902, IRM 903, and IRM 905 are alsomaintained in Specification D5900.1.5.1 The subcommittee responsible for maintaining TestMethod D471, presently D11.15, shall review the data inSpecification D5900 to ensure that it is identical to that whichappears i
8、n Test Method D471. This shall be accomplished atthe time of the 5 year review or more frequently whennecessary.1.6 Historical, technical, and background information re-garding the conversion from ASTM No. 1, ASTM No. 2, andASTM No. 3 Oils to IRM 901, IRM 902, and IRM 903immersion oils is maintained
9、 in Practice D5964.1.6.1 The subcommittee responsible for maintaining TestMethod D471, presently D11.15, shall review the data inPractice D5964 to ensure that it is identical to that whichappears in Test Method D471. This shall be accomplished atthe time of the 5 year review or more frequently whenn
10、ecessary.1.7 This test method includes the following:Change in Mass (after immersion) Section 10Change in Volume (after immersion) Section 11Dimensional-Change Method for Water-Insoluble Liq-uids and Mixed Liquids Section 12Change in Mass with Liquid on One Surface Only Section 13Determining Mass of
11、 Soluble Matter Extracted by theLiquid Section 14Change in Tensile Strength, Elongation and Hardness(after immersion) Section 15Change in Breaking Resistance, Burst Strength, TearStrength and Adhesion for Coated Fabrics Section 16Calculation (of test results) Section 171.8 The values stated in SI un
12、its are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practic
13、es and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum andPetrol
14、eum Products (Hydrometer Method)D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas-tic ElastomersTensionD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 on Rubberand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.15 on Deg
15、radation Tests.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012. Published January 2013. Originallyapproved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D471 12. DOI:10.1520/D0471-12A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
16、 For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D611 Test
17、Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed AnilinePoint of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon SolventsD751 Test Methods for Coated FabricsD865 Test Method for RubberDeterioration by Heating inAir (Test Tube Enclosure)D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density
18、(Spe-cific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham PycnometerD1415 Test Method for Rubber PropertyInternationalHardnessD1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products(ASTM Color Scale)D1747 Test Method for Refractive Index of Viscous Mate-rialsD2008 Test Method for Ultraviolet Absorbance and Absorp-ti
19、vity of Petroleum ProductsD2140 Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Compositionof Insulating Oils of Petroleum OriginD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hard-nessD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, and P
20、ro-cedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and PreparingStandard Vulcanized SheetsD3183 Practice for RubberPreparation of Pieces for TestPurposes from ProductsD4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber and Carbon Black ManufacturingIndustriesTABLE 1 Specifications a
21、nd Typical Properties of IRM Reference OilsProperty IRM 901AIRM 902 IRM 903 IRM 905 ASTM MethodSpecified Properties:Aniline Point, C (F) 1241(2552) 933(1995) 701(1582) 1151(239 2) D611Kinematic Viscosity(mm2/s cSt)38C (100F) . 31.934.1 . D44599C (210F) 18.1220.34 19.221.5 . 10.811.9 D445Gravity, API
22、, 16C(60F)28.8 1 19.021.0 21.023.0 . D287Viscosity-Gravity Con-stant0.7900.805 0.8600.870 0.8750.885 . D2140Flash Point COC, C(F)243(469) min 232 (450) min 163 (325) min 243 (469) min D92Naphthenics, CN(%) 27 (avg) 35 min 40 min . D2140Paraffinics, CP(%) 65 min 50 max 45 max . D2140Typical Propertie
23、s:Pour Point, C (F) 12 (10) 12 (10) 31 (24) 15 (5) D97ASTM Color L 3.5 L 2.5 L 0.5 L 1.0 D1500Refractive Index 1.4848 1.5105 1.5026 1.4808 D1747UV Absorbance, 260 nm 0.8 4.0 2.2 . D2008Aromatics, CA(%) 3 12 14 4 D2140ARefer to Appendix X3. Table X3.1 reflects the differences in the properties betwee
24、n ASTM No. 1 Oil and IRM 901 for reference purposes.TABLE 2 IRM 901 2012 Batch Test ResultsProperty Method2005 BatchCOA2005 BatchCurrent2012 Sample Data2012 BatchAverageViscosity, cSt99CD445 19.58 19.518.8 18.7 18.8 18.718.818.8 18.8 18.9 18.7Gravity, API16CD287 28.6 28.928.9 28.9 28.8 28.928.928.9
25、28.9 28.9 28.9Flash PointCOC, CD92 287 313306 289 292 288296299 303 294 294Aniline Point,CD611 123.8 124.7124.8 124.8 124.7 124.3124.5124.8 124.8 124.9 124.6Viscosity-Gravity Con-stantD2140 0.796 0.7980.799 0.799 0.800 0.7990.7990.799 0.799 0.799 0.799Naphthenics,Cn%D2140 2426 26 27 282726 26 27 29P
26、araffinics,Cp%D2140 70 7271 71 69 707171 71 71 70D471 12a2D4485 Specification for Performance of Active API ServiceCategory Engine OilsD4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-ing with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-IgnitionEngine FuelD5900 Specification for Physical and Chemi
27、cal Properties ofIndustry Reference Materials (IRM)D5964 Practice for Rubber IRM 901, IRM 902, and IRM903 Replacement Oils forASTM No. 1,ASTM No. 2, andASTM No. 3 OilsE145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens2.2 SAE Standards:3J 300 Engine Oil Viscosity Classification3.
28、Summary of Test Method3.1 This test method provides procedures for exposing testspecimens to the influence of liquids under definite conditionsof temperature and time. The resulting deterioration is deter-mined by measuring the changes in physical properties, such asstress/strain properties, hardnes
29、s, and changes in mass, volume,and dimension, before and after immersion in the test liquid.3.2 The precision statement in Section 19 is based on aninterlaboratory test program run in 1981, using six differentrubbers with ASTM Reference Fuels B, C, D4and ASTM OilsNo. 1 and No. 3.3.3 The precision st
30、atement in Appendix X2 is based on aninterlaboratory test program conducted in 1993 to establishreplacements for ASTM Oils No. 2 and No. 3. Because of thelimited number of participating laboratories, only repeatabilitycould be evaluated, and it was necessary to use pooled valuesof four No. 2 type oi
31、ls (No. 2 plus three candidate replacementoils) and four No. 3 type oils (No. 3 plus three candidatereplacement oils). Twelve rubbers were tested in this program.3.4 ASTM Oils No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 have been replacedby IRM 901, IRM 902, and IRM 903, respectively.4. Significance and Use4.1 Certain
32、rubber articles, for example, seals, gaskets,hoses, diaphragms, and sleeves, may be exposed to oils,greases, fuels, and other fluids during service. The exposuremay be continuous or intermittent and may occur over widetemperature ranges.4.2 Properties of rubber articles deteriorate during exposureto
33、 these liquids, affecting the performance of the rubber part,which can result in partial failure.4.3 This test method attempts to simulate service conditionsthrough controlled accelerated testing, but may not give anydirect correlation with actual part performance, since serviceconditions vary too w
34、idely. It yields comparative data on whichto base judgment as to expected service quality.4.4 This test method is suitable for specification compliancetesting, quality control, referee purposes, and research anddevelopment work.5. Test Conditions5.1 Temperature and Immersion PeriodsUnless otherwises
35、pecified the test temperature and immersion period shall be asindicated in Table 3, depending upon the anticipated serviceconditions, unless otherwise agreed upon between customerand supplier:5.1.1 When the temperature of the testing room is other thanthe standard 23 6 2C (73 6 4F) the temperature o
36、f test shallbe reported.5.1.2 When the relative humidity (RH %) of the testingenvironment is known to effect the performance of a test liquid,the RH % shall be reported.5.1.3 The choice of the immersion period will depend uponthe nature of the vulcanizate, the test temperature, and theliquid to be u
37、sed. To obtain information on the rate ofdeterioration it is necessary to make determinations afterseveral immersion periods.5.1.4 The tolerance for any immersion period shall be615 min or 61 % of the immersion period, whichever isgreater.5.1.5 The immersion periods enumerated in Table 3 arefrequent
38、ly used, and are considered standard; however, theymay be varied according to a materials testing requirements oranticipated exposure in service.5.2 IlluminationImmersion tests shall be made in theabsence of direct light.6. Standard Test Liquids6.1 For test purposes, it is desirable to use the liqui
39、d thatwill come into contact with the vulcanizate in service. Forcomparative tests with liquids of unknown or doubtfulcomposition, samples of liquid from the same container orshipment shall be used. Many commercial products, particu-larly those of petroleum origin, are subject to sufficientvariation
40、 that it is not practical to use them for test liquids. Itis then advisable to use a standard test liquid, such as describedin 6.1.1 and 6.1.2, covering the range of properties that may beencountered in the particular service.3Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDri
41、ve, Warrendale, PA 15096.4The sole source of supply of the reference fuels known to the committee at thistime is Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, LP, 10001 Six Pines Drive, TheWoodlands, TX 77380. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headq
42、uarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.TABLE 3 Test Temperatures and Immersion PeriodsTemperature in C (F)ImmersionPeriod, h75 2 (103 4) 85 2 (185 4) 2255 2 (67 4) 100 2 (212 4) 4640 2 (40 4) 125 2 (257 4) 702
43、5 2 (13 4) 150 2 (302 4) 16610 2 (14 4) 175 2 (347 4) 6700 2 (32 4) 200 2 (392 4) 100623 2 (73 4) 225 2 (437 4) 299850 2 (122 4) 250 2 (482 4) 4990702(1584)D471 12a36.1.1 IRM and ASTM OilsThe test shall be conducted inone of the petroleum-base IRM or ASTM oils (Note 1)specified in Table 1 that has i
44、ts aniline point nearest that of theoil with which the vulcanizate is expected to come in contactin service except as indicated in 6.1.3.NOTE 1The aniline point of a petroleum oil appears to characterizethe swelling action of that oil on rubber vulcanizates. In general, the lowerthe aniline point, t
45、he more severe the swelling action by the oil. The oilsspecified in Table 1 cover a range of aniline points commonly found inlubricating oils.6.1.2 ASTM Reference FuelsWhen gasolines or dieselfuels are to be encountered in service, the test shall beconducted in one of the ASTM reference fuels (Note
46、2)specified in Table 4, except as indicated in 6.1.3.NOTE 2The ASTM reference fuels in Table 4 have been selected toprovide the maximum and minimum swelling effects produced bycommercial gasolines. Reference Fuel A has a mild action on rubbervulcanizates and produces results of the same order as low
47、 swellinggasolines of the highly paraffinic, straight run type. Reference Fuels B, C,and D simulate the swelling behavior of the majority of commercialgasolines, with Reference Fuel C producing the highest swelling which istypical of highly aromatic premium grades of automotive gasoline.Reference Fu
48、el F (diesel fuel) swells rubber vulcanizates to a lesser extentthan Reference Fuel B. Reference Fuels G, H, and I are fuel-alcoholblends (gasohol), which have a stronger swelling action than the corre-sponding fuel alone, where blends with methanol are more severe thanblends with ethanol. Reference
49、 Fuel K, a methanol-rich blend, has asubstantially weaker swelling action than that of the fuel used to preparethe blend. Reference Fuels I and K are also referred to as M15 and M85,respectively.6.1.3 Service LiquidsSome commercial oils, fuels andother service liquids (see Table 5) are either non-petroleum orare compounded from special petroleum hydrocarbon fractionsor mixtures of petroleum hydrocarbon fractions and otheringredients resulting
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