1、Designation: D545 14Standard Test Methods forPreformed Expansion Joint Fillers for ConcreteConstruction (Nonextruding and Resilient Types)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D545; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These
3、test methods cover the physical properties asso-ciated with preformed expansion joint fillers. The test methodsinclude:Property SectionExpansion in Boiling Water 7.1Recovery and Compression 7.2Extrusion 7.3Boiling in Hydrochloric Acid 7.4Asphalt Content 7.5Water Absorption 7.6Density 7.7NOTE 1Specif
4、ic test methods are applicable only to certain types ofjoint fillers, as stated herein.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standar
5、d.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to consult andestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.
6、Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1037 Test Methods for Evaluating Properties of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel MaterialsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Metho
7、d3. Significance and Use3.1 The compression resistance perpendicular to the faces,the resistance to the extrusion during compression, and theability to recover after release of the load are indicative of ajoint fillers ability to fill continuously a concrete expansionjoint and thereby prevent damage
8、 that might otherwise occurduring thermal expansion. The asphalt content is a measure ofthe fiber-type joint fillers durability and life expectancy. In thecase of cork-type fillers, the resistance to water absorption andresistance to boiling hydrochloric acid are relative measures ofdurability and l
9、ife expectancy.4. Apparatus4.1 Balance, for weighing joint fillers capable of weighingtest specimens within 0.01 g.4.2 Mechanical Convection Oven, capable of maintaining220 6 5.0F (104 6 3C).4.3 Desiccator, of sufficient size to accommodate the testspecimens.4.4 Vernier Caliper, for measuring length
10、 and width ofspecimens with accuracy within 60.01 in. (0.25 mm).4.5 Dial Micrometer, or other measuring device, graduatedto read in 0.001-in. (0.02-mm) units.4.6 Extrusion MoldThree-sided steel mold to confinelateral movement of specimens under compression to one sideonly. Interior dimensions shall
11、be 4 by 4 in. (102 by 102 mm)with permissible variations in length and width of 60.015 in.(0.38 mm). Mold sides shall be of such height as to extend atleast 0.5 in. (13 mm) above the test specimens. A typical moldcan be made from a steel base12 by4by46 0.015 in. (13 by102 by 102 6 0.3 mm) and three
12、bolted steel side plates14 in.(6.35 mm) thick, extending approximately 112 in. (38 mm)above the base plate, thus forming a three-sided open-top box.4.7 TemplateOne steel template 4 by 4 in. (102 by 102mm), machined from12-in. (6.4-mm) steel plate to fit theextrusion mold. The template shall fit the
13、mold within 0.005in. (0.13 mm) in length and width.1These methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.34 onPreformed Joint Fillers, Sealers and Sealing Systems.Current edition approved June 1, 2014. Publis
14、hed August 2014. Originallyapproved in 1939. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D545 08. DOI:10.1520/D0545-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to
15、 the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.8 Metal Plate, 412 by 412 in. 6 0.1 in. (114 by 114 6 2.5mm) with parallel faces machined from12-in. (6.4-mm) steelplate.4.9 Com
16、pression Tester, either hydraulic- or screw-typeequipment with sufficient opening between upper- and lower-bearing surfaces to permit the use of verifying apparatus. Theload applied to the test specimen shall be indicated with anaccuracy of 61.0 %. The upper-bearing device shall be aspherically seat
17、ed, hardened metal block firmly attached at thecenter of the upper head of the machine. The center of thesphere shall lie at the center of the surface of the block incontact with the specimen.The block shall be closely held in itsspherical seat, but free to tilt in any direction. Load shall beapplie
18、d without shock at 0.05 in. (1.3 mm) per min.4.10 Extractor Apparatus, Soxhlet Extractor with thermo-statically controlled heating element.5. Sampling5.1 One representative sample approximately 2 ft2/1000 ft2of joint filler shall be obtained and properly packaged for safetransporting to the testing
19、agency.5.2 For self-expanding cork joint filler, a minimum of five412 by 412-in. (114 by 114-mm) square specimens properlybanded and plastic wrapped at point of manufacture shall besubmitted for testing.6. Preparation of Test Specimens6.1 For the joint fillers made of cork, sponge rubber,bituminous
20、cork, or fiber, cut five specimens 4 by 4 in. (102 by102 mm). Each specimen shall be freshly and squarely cutusing a metal plate as a cutting template, as described in 4.7.6.2 For self-expanding cork only, after boiling the speci-mens in water as described in 7.1.1, air dry in ambient air 24h. Then
21、cut specimens to the size described in 6.1.6.3 Determine the thickness of each specimen to the nearest0.001 in. (0.03 mm).7. Procedures7.1 Expansion in Boiling Water:7.1.1 For self-expanding cork joint filler only, use five of thetest specimens supplied by the manufacture as described in 5.2.Determi
22、ne the thickness of each specimen to the nearest 0.001in. (0.03 mm). Immerse the specimens in boiling water for 1 h;remove and allow to cool to room temperature for 15 min.Measure the final thickness of each specimen to the nearest0.001 in. Calculate the expansion as follows:Expansion, %, of origina
23、l thickness 5AB3100 (1)where:A = thickness in inches after boiling in water, andB = thickness in inches before boiling in water.7.1.2 Prepare the test specimens for testing as described in6.2.7.2 Recovery and Compression:7.2.1 Test SpecimenFor these tests use one of the speci-mens prepared and descr
24、ibed in 6.1 and 6.2. For the cork,sponge rubber, bituminous cork, and fiber joint fillers; makethese tests on material as received. If the cork filler fails tomeet the specified requirements, make check tests on speci-mens that have been immersed in water for 24 h and thenair-dried at ambient condit
25、ions for 24 h.Acceptance is based onthe results of the check tests.7.2.2 MountingPlace the test specimen on a flat metalplate and center a 412 by 412 by12-in. (114 by 114 by 13-mm)metal plate, ground to have plane parallel faces, on the topsurface of the specimen. Use a simple U-shaped bridge tosupp
26、ort a dial gage or other suitable measuring device readingto the nearest 0.001 in. (0.03 mm) above the center of thespecimen. Place a hollow metal load transfer cylinder withslots for inserting the U-shape bridge and an opening forreading the measuring device between the moving head of thetesting ma
27、chine and the plate covering the specimen. A typicalmounting is shown in Fig. 1, but other suitable devices may beused. Mount a spherical bearing block between the upper endof the cylinder and the moving head of the testing machine.Center accurately both the hollow metal cylinder or otherdevice and
28、the spherical bearing block so that the load will beapplied uniformly to the test specimen.7.2.3 Measurement of ThicknessWhen the specimen hasbeen mounted as described in 7.2.2 and is subjected only to thepressure of the dead weight of the 412 by 412 by12-in. (114 by114 by 13-mm) metal plate, determ
29、ine its thickness by meansof the measuring device. When the load-transferring apparatusand spherical bearing block are placed on the test specimen,some compression may result. Consider this reduction inthickness as part of the 50 % reduction in thickness to beapplied.7.2.4 RecoveryFor the determinat
30、ion of the percentage ofrecovery, give the specimen a single application of a loadsufficient to compress it to 50 % of its thickness before test.Apply the load without shock and at such a rate that thespecimen will be compressed approximately 0.05 in. (1.3mm)/min. Record this applied load. Immediate
31、ly release theload after application and permit to recover 10 min, after whichmeasure the thickness. Remove the load-transferring apparatusand spherical bearing block from the test specimen followingthe load application. Calculate the percentage of recovery asfollows:Recovery, % 5t1t3100 (2)where:t
32、= thickness of the specimen before test, andt1= thickness 10 min after completion of the application ofload.7.2.4.1 Retest ProvisionIn case the specimen fails tocomply with requirements of the specification, test a specimenin accordance with the following procedure. Give the testspecimen three appli
33、cations of a load sufficient to compress itto 50 % of its thickness before test. Apply the load withoutshock and at such a rate that the specimen will be compressedapproximately 0.05 in. (1.3 mm)/min.After the first and secondD545 142applications, release the load immediately, and permit thespecimen
34、 to recover 30 min before the load is again applied.After the third application, release the load immediately andpermit the specimen to recover 1 h; then measure the thicknessagain. Remove the load-transferring apparatus and sphericalbearing block from the test specimen during recovery periodsbetwee
35、n compressions and following the third application ofload. Acceptance shall be based on the results of these checktests. Calculate the percentage of recovery as follows:Recovery, % 5t1t3100 (3)where:t = thickness of the specimen before test, andt1= thickness 1 h after completion of the third applica
36、tionof load.7.2.5 CompressionCalculate the unit pressure by dividingthe maximum load in lbf (N) as determined in 7.2.4 by the area,16 in.2(0.0104 m2), and record as the unit pressure in psi (kPa).7.3 Extrusion:7.3.1 Test SpecimensFor this test, use one of the testspecimens prepared as described in 6
37、.1 (or one of the self-expanding cork specimens prepared in 6.2). In the case of cork,sponge rubber, bituminous cork, and fiber expansion jointfillers, make these tests on specimens of the materials asreceived. If the cork filler fails to meet the requirements of thespecifications, make check tests
38、on specimens that have beenimmersed in water for 24 h and subsequently air-dried for 24 h.Base acceptance on the results of these check tests.7.3.2 MountingPlace the test specimen in a suitable steelmold so constructed as to confine the lateral movement of thespecimen under compression to one side o
39、nly, as described in4.6. Cover the specimen with a12 by 4 by 4-in. (13 by 102 by102-mm) metal plate ground to have plane parallel faces, asdescribed in 4.7. Use a simple U-shaped bridge to supportabove the center of the specimen a dial or other suitablemeasuring device reading to 0.001 in. (0.03 mm)
40、. Place uponthe plate metal cylinder or other device for transferring the loadfrom the moving head of the testing machine around themeasuring apparatus to the plate covering the specimen.7.3.3 Measurement of ThicknessWhen the specimen hasbeen mounted as described in 7.3.2 and is subjected only to th
41、epressure of the dead weight of the12 by 4 by 4-in. (13 by 102by 102-mm) metal plate, determine its thickness by means ofthe measuring device. When the load-transferring apparatusand spherical bearing block are placed on the test specimen,some compression may result. Consider this reduction inthickn
42、ess as part of the 50 % reduction in thickness to beapplied.7.3.4 ExtrusionFor the determination of the amount ofextrusion, give the specimen one application of a load suffi-cient to compress it to 50 % of its thickness before test. Applythe load without shock at such a rate that the specimen will b
43、ecompressed approximately 0.05 in. (1.3 mm)/min. Determinethe amount of extrusion in inches by measuring the maximummovement of the free edge of the test specimen during the50 % compression of the specimen. Measure the extrusion bymeans of a dial micrometer or other suitable device reading to0.001 i
44、n. (0.03 mm).7.4 Boiling in Hydrochloric Acid:7.4.1 In the case of cork and self-expanding cork expansionjoint fillers only, use one of the test specimens prepared asdescribed in 6.1 (or one of the expanded specimens prepared asdescribed in 6.2). Immerse the specimen in hydrochloric acid1Flat Metal
45、Plate. 5Measuring Device.2Specimen. 6Hollow Cylinder.3Metal Plate 412 by 412 by12 in. (102 by 102 by 13 mm). 7Spherical Bearing Block.4U-Shape Bridge.FIG. 1 Typical Mounting of the Specimen for Recovery and Compression TestsD545 143(HCl, sp gr 1.19) and boil for 1 h. Examine the test specimenfor evi
46、dences of disintegration.7.5 Asphalt Content:7.5.1 From the test specimens prepared as described in 6.1,cut narrow strips of sufficient length to pack the thimble of theSoxhlet Extractor; approximately 45 g is sufficient. Oven drythe strips at 220 6 5F (104 6 3C) to constant weight in anopen tared w
47、eighing dish, then cool in a desiccator. Weigh tothe nearest 0.01 g, and subtract tare to obtain initial oven dryweight of specimen.7.5.2 Transfer the test strips to the extraction thimble ofknown oven dry weight. Extract the asphalt in the SoxhletExtractor using a suitable solvent (see Note 2) unti
48、l the extractis essentially clear (color of weak tea).NOTE 2A “suitable solvent” is any solvent that effectively separatesthe asphalt. Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) or N-Propyl-Bromideare commonly recommended. The solvent used shall be included in thereport.7.5.3 After extraction, allow exces
49、s solvent to drain fromthe thimble before transferring to an open tared weighing dishand oven dry at 220 6 5F (104 6 3C) for 1 h. Cool in adesiccator, then weigh and subtract weighing dish and thimbleto obtain the oven dry weight of the extracted fiber.7.5.4 Calculate the percentage asphalt content by weight onan oven dry basis as follows:Asphalt, % 5W12 WW13100 (4)where:W1= initial oven dry weight of test strips, andW = oven dry weight of extracted fiber.7.6 Water Absorption:7.6.1 Using a test specimen prepared as described in 6.1
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