1、Designation: D 558 04Standard Test Methods forMoisture-Density (Unit Weight) Relations of Soil-CementMixtures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 558; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the determin
3、ation of therelationship between the water content and the density ofsoil-cement mixtures when compacted before cement hydra-tion as prescribed.1.2 A130-ft3(944-cm3) mold and a 5.5-lb (2.49-kg) rammerdropped from a height of 12.0 in. (30.5 cm) are used and twomethods, depending on soil gradation, ar
4、e covered, as follows:SectionsTest Method A, using soil material passing a No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.This method shall be used when 100 % of the soil sample passes theNo. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve 7Test Method B, using soil material passing a34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve.This method shall be used when part of the soil
5、 sample is retained onthe No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve. This test method may be used only on ma-terials with 30 % or less retained on the34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve81.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026.1.4 The val
6、ues stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard, except as noted below. The values given inparentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, and areprovided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is usedwhen dealin
7、g with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for massis slugs.1.4.2 The slug unit of mass is almost never used incommercial practice (density, scales, balances, etc.). Therefore,the standard unit for mass in this standard is either kilog
8、ram(kg) or gram (g) or both. Also, the equivalent inch-pound unit(slug) is not given.1.4.3 It is common practice in the engineering/constructionprofession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unitof mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines twoseparate systems of units; that
9、is, the absolute system and thegravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combinethe use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a singlestandard. As stated in 1.4.2, this standard includes the gravita-tional system of inch-pound units and does not use/present theslug unit for
10、 mass. However, the use of balances or scalesrecording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft3shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of t
11、he user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 150 Specification for Portland CementC 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsD 559 Test Methods
12、 for Wetting-and-Drying CompactedSoil-Cement MixturesD 560 Test Methods for Freezing-and-Thawing CompactedSoil-Cement MixturesD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400ft-lbf/ft3(600
13、kN-m/m3)D 2168 Test Methods for Calibration of LaboratoryMechanical-Rammer Soil CompactorsD 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rocka
14、s Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Speci-fying Balances and Scales for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal Data1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of
15、 ASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on Stabilizationof Additives.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originallyapproved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 558 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, vis
16、it the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International,
17、 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesE 145 Specifications for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens3. Terminology3.1 For common definitions of terms used in this standard,refer t
18、o Terminology D 653.4. Significance and Use4.1 These tests determine the optimum water content andmaximum density (unit weight) to be used for moldingsoil-cement specimens in accordance with Methods D 559 andD 560.NOTE 1Since these tests are used in conjunction with Methods D 559and D 560 and the cr
19、iteria referenced therein, the test differs in severalaspects from Test Methods D 698. There are three main differencesbetween this standard and Test Method D 698. Firstly, this standard allowsa maximum particle size of34-in. (19.0 mm) for a 4-in. (101.6-mm) moldwhile D 698 allows a maximum particle
20、 size of38-in. (9.5-mm) for thesame size mold. Secondly, this standard permits the material leftover afterthe water content specimen has been obtained to be mixed with the rest ofthe sample and reused for the next determination. Test Method D 698 doesnot permit the material to be reused. Thirdly, th
21、is standard allows thematerial that is retained on the34-in. (19.0-mm) and passing the 3-in.(75-mm) to be discarded (scalping technique) and replaced with an equalmass of material that passes the34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve and is retained onthe No.4 (4.75-mm) sieve. Test Method D 698 does not permit the
22、scalpand replacement technique.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of compet
23、entand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 MoldAcyli
24、ndrical metal mold having a volume of1306 0.00040 ft3(944 6 11 cm3) with an internal diameter of 4.06 0.016 in. (101.60 6 0.41 mm) and conforming to Fig. 1 topermit preparing compacted specimens of soil-cement mix-tures of this size. The mold shall be provided with a detachablecollar assembly approx
25、imately 212-in. (63.5 mm) in height.The mold may be of the split type consisting of two half-roundsections or section of pipe with one side split perpendicular tothe pipe circumference and that can be securely locked in placeto form a closed cylinder having the dimensions describedabove. The mold an
26、d collar assembly shall be so constructedthat it can be fastened firmly to a detachable base (Fig. 1).5.2 Rammer:5.2.1 Manual RammerA manually operated metal ram-mer having a 2.000 6 0.005-in. (50.80 6 0.13-mm) diametercircular face as manufactured and a mass of 5.5 6 0.02 lbm(2.49 6 0.01 kg). The r
27、ammer shall be replaced if the strikingface becomes worn or bellied to the extent that the diameterexceeds 2.000 6 0.01 in. (50.80 6 0.25 mm). The rammershall be equipped with a suitable guidesleeve to control theheight of drop to a free fall of 12.0 6 0.05 in. (304.8 6 1.3mm) above the elevation of
28、 the soil-cement without restrictingthe free fall of the hammer. The guidesleeve shall have at leastfour vent holes not smaller than38 in. (9.5 mm) spaced 90apart and located with centers34 6116 in. (19.0 6 1.6 mm)from each end and shall provide sufficient clearance thatfree-falls of the rammer shaf
29、t and head will not be restricted.5.2.2 Mechanical Rammer-Circular Face, A mechani-cally operated metal rammer shall operate in such a manner asto provide uniform and complete coverage of the specimenarea. There shall be 0.10 6 0.03 in. (2.5 6 0.8mm) clearancebetween the rammer and the inside surfac
30、e of the mold at itssmallest diameter. The mechanical rammer will have a 2.0 60.005-in. (50.80 6 0.13-mm) diameter face as manufacturedand a manufactured mass of 5.5 6 0.02 lbm (2.49 6 0.01 kg),except that the mass of the mechanical rammer may beadjusted as described in Methods D 2168. The rammer sh
31、all beequipped with a suitable arrangement to control the height ofdrop to a free-fall of 12.0 6 0.05 in. (304.8 6 1.3 mm) abovethe elevation of the soil-cement. The mechanical rammer shallbe equipped with a positive mechanical means to support therammer when not in operation5.2.3 Mechanical Rammer-
32、Sector Face; See Note 3Whenused with the 6 in. (152.4 mm) mold, a sector face rammer maybe used in place of the circular face rammer. The use of a sectorface rammer should be noted in the test report. The specimencontact face shall have the shape of a sector of a circle of radiusequal to 2.9 6 0.02-
33、in. (73.7 6 0.5-mm). The rammer shalloperate in such a manner that the vertex of the sector ispositioned at the enter of the specimen.NOTE 3The sector face rammer shall not be used to compact testspecimens in accordance with Methods D 559 and D 560, unless previoustests on like soils show strength a
34、nd resistance to wetting-and-drying andfreezing-and-thawing of specimens compacted with this rammer aresimilar to that of specimens compacted with the circular face rammer.5.3 Sample ExtruderA jack, lever frame, or other deviceadapted for the purpose of extruding compacted specimensfrom the mold. No
35、t required when a split-type mold is used.5.4 BalancesA balance or scale conforming to the re-quirements of Class GP5 with a readability of 1g in Specifi-cation D 4753, except that a Class GP2 balance of 0.1greadability is required for water content determination.5.5 Drying OvenThermostatically cont
36、rolled, preferablyof the forced-draft type, meeting the requirements of Specifi-cation E 145 and capable of maintaining a uniform temperatureof 110 6 5 C (238 6 9 F) throughout the drying chamber.5.6 StraightedgeA stiff steel straightedge of any conve-nient length but not less than 10-in. (254-mm).
37、The total lengthof the straightedge shall be machined straight to a tolerance of6 0.005-in. (6 0.1-mm). The scraping edge shall be beveled ifit is thicker than18-in. (3-mm).5.7 Sieves3-in. (75-mm),34-in. (19.0-mm), and No. 4(4.75-mm) sieves conforming to the requirements of Specifi-cation E11.5.8 Mi
38、xing ToolsMiscellaneous tools such as mixing pan,spoon, trowel, and spatula, or a suitable mechanical device forthoroughly mixing the sample of soil with cement and withincrements of water.D5580425.9 ContainerAflat, round pan for moisture absorption bysoil-cement mixtures, about 12 in. (305 mm) in d
39、iameter and 2in. (50 mm) deep.5.10 Water Content CansSuitable containers made ofmaterial resistant to corrosion and change in mass uponrepeated heating, cooling, exposure to materials of varying pH,and cleaning. Unless a desiccator is used, containers with closefitting lids shall be used for testing
40、 specimens having a mass ofabout 200g; while for specimens having a mass greater thanMetric Equivalentsin. mm0.016 0.410.026 0.66132 0.80116 1.618 3.214 6.41132 8.738 9.512 12.758 15.92 50.8212 63.54 101.6414 108.0412 114.34.584 116.436 152.4612 165.18 203.2ft3cm1300.00494411113.3330.0009212425NOTE
41、1(a)The tolerance on the height is governed by the allowable volume and diameter tolerances.NOTE 2(b)The methods shown for attaching the extension collar to the mold and the mold to the base plate are recommended. However, othermethods are acceptable, providing the attachments are equally as rigid a
42、s those shown.FIG. 1 Cylindrical MoldD558043about 200g, containers without lids may be used. One containeris needed for each water content determination.5.11 Butcher KnifeA butcher knife approximately 10 in.(250 mm) in length for trimming the top of the specimens.6. Calibration6.1 Perform calibratio
43、ns before initial use, after repairs orother occurrences that might affect the test results, at intervalsnot exceeding 500 test specimens, or annually, whicheveroccurs first, for the following apparatus:6.1.1 BalanceEvaluate in accordance with SpecificationD 3740.6.1.2 MoldsDetermine the volume as d
44、escribed in D 698,Annex 1.6.1.3 Manual RammerVerify the free fall distance, ram-mer mass, and rammer force in accordance with 5.2. Verify thesleeve requirements in accordance with 5.2.1.6.1.4 Mechanical RammerCalibrate and adjust the me-chanical rammer in accordance with Test Method D 2168.7. Test M
45、ethod A, Using Soil Material Passing a No. 4(4.75-mm) Sieve7.1 Sample:7.1.1 Prepare the sample for testing by breaking up the soilaggregations to pass the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve in such amanner as to avoid reducing the natural size of the individualparticles. When necessary, first dry the sample unti
46、l it is friableunder a trowel. Drying may be accomplished by air drying orby the use of drying apparatus such that the temperature of thesample does not exceed 140F (60C).7.1.2 Select a representative sample, having a mass ofapproximately 2.7 kg or more, of the soil prepared as describedin 7.1.1.7.2
47、 Procedure:7.2.1 Add to the soil the required amount of cementconforming to Specification C 150 or Specification C 595. Mixthe cement and soil thoroughly to a uniform color.7.2.2 When needed, add sufficient potable water to dampenthe mixture to approximately four to six percentage pointsbelow the es
48、timated optimum water content and mix thor-oughly. At this water content, plastic soils, tightly squeezed inthe palm of the hand, will form a cast that will fracture withonly slight pressure applied by the thumb and fingertips;nonplastic soils will bulk noticeably.7.2.3 When the soil is a clayey mat
49、erial, compact themixture of soil, cement, and water in the container to a depthof about 2 in. (50 mm) using the rammer described in 5.2 or asimilar hand tamper. Cover, and allow to stand for not less than5 min but not more than 10 min to aid dispersion of themoisture and to permit more complete absorption by thesoil-cement.7.2.4 After the absorption period, thoroughly break up themixture, without reducing the natural size of individual par-ticles, until it will pass a No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve and then remix.7.2.5 Form a specimen
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