1、Designation: D559/D559M 15Standard Test Methods forWetting and Drying Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D559/D559M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover procedures f
3、or determiningthe soil-cement losses, water content changes, and volumechanges (swell and shrinkage) produced by repeated wettingand drying of hardened soil-cement specimens. The specimensare compacted in a mold, before cement hydration, to maxi-mum density at optimum water content using the compact
4、ionprocedure described in Test Methods D558.1.2 Two test methods, depending on soil gradation, arecovered for preparation of material for molding specimens andfor molding specimens as follows:SectionsTest Method A, using soil material passing a 4.75-mm No. 4sieve.This method shall be used when 100 %
5、 of the soil samplepasses the 4.75-mm No. 4 sieve.7Test Method B, using soil material passing a 19.0 mm 0.75-in.sieve.This method shall be used when part of the soil sample isretained on the 4.75-mm No. 4 sieve.This test method may be used only on materials with 30 % orless retained on the 19.0-mm 0
6、.75-in. sieve.81.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarde
7、d as theindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is comm
8、on practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof these test methods to consider significant digits used inanalysis methods for engineering data.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
9、presented in brackets are to be regarded sepa-rately as standard. The values stated in each system shall beused independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specifi-cation E11.
10、 The alternative designation given in parentheses isfor information only and does not represent a different standardsieve size.1.4.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is usedwhen dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the u
11、nit for massis slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic(F = ma) calculations are involved.1.4.2 It is common practice in the engineering/constructionprofession to use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm)and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separatesystems o
12、f units; that is, the absolute system and the gravita-tional system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the useof two separate sets of inch-pound units within a singlestandard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitationalsystem of inch-pound units and does not use/present the sluguni
13、t for mass. However, the use of balances or scales recordingpounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft3shall notbe regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility
14、of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C150 Specification for Portland CementC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsD558 Test Method
15、s for Moisture-Density (Unit Weight)Relations of Soil-Cement Mixtures1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee D18on Soil and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 onStabilization With AdmixturesCurrent edition approved Nov. 15, 2015. Published Dece
16、mber 2015. Originallyapproved in 1939. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D55903, which waswithdrawn July 2012 and reinstated in November 2015. DOI: 10.1520/D0559_D0559M-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org
17、. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D5
18、60/D560M Test Methods for Freezing and ThawingCompacted Soil-Cement MixturesD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D2168 Practices for Calibration of Laborato
19、ry Mechanical-Rammer Soil CompactorsD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD3282 Practice for Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction PurposesD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged i
20、n Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataE11 Spe
21、cification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens2.2 AASHTO Standards:3M 145 Classifications of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixturesfor Highway Construction Purposes3. Terminology3.1 For common definitions of terms used in th
22、is standard,refer to Terminology D653.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods are used to determine the resistanceof compacted soil-cement specimens to repeated wetting anddrying. These test methods were developed to be used inconjunction with Test Methods D560/D560M and criteriagiven in the S
23、oil-Cement Laboratory Handbook4to determinethe minimum amount of cement required in soil-cement toachieve a degree of hardness adequate to resist field weather-ing.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitabili
24、ty of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensurereliable results. Rel
25、iable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Mold, Rammer, and Sample ExtruderRefer to TestMethods D698 for detailed specifications.5.2 BalancesAbalance or scale conforming to the require-ments of Class GP5 with a readabilit
26、y of1ginSpecificationD4753, except that a Class GP2 balance of 0.1 g readability isrequired for water content determination.5.3 Drying OvensThermostatically controlled, preferablyforced-draft type, meeting the requirements of SpecificationE145 and capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of110 6
27、 5C 230 6 9F throughout the chamber for the watercontent specimens, and a temperature of 71 6 3C160 6 5F throughout the drying chamber for drying com-pacted soil-cement specimens.5.4 Moist RoomA moist room or suitable covered con-tainer capable of maintaining a temperature of 21 6 2C 70 63F and a re
28、lative humidity of 100 % for seven-day storage ofcompacted specimens.5.5 Water BathSuitable tank for submerging compactedspecimens in water at room temperature.5.6 Wire Scratch BrushA wire scratch brush made of50-mm 2-in. long by 1.6-mm 0.06-in. wide by 0.5-mm No.26 gage thick flat wire bristles ass
29、embled in 50 groups of 10bristles each and mounted to form five longitudinal rows andten transverse rows of bristles on a 190 by 65-mm 7.5- by2.5-in. hardwood block.5.7 StraightedgeA stiff metal straightedge of any conve-nient length but not less than 250-mm 10-in. The total lengthof the straightedg
30、e shall be machined straight to a tolerance of60.1-mm 60.004-in. The scraping edge shall be beveled, ifit is thicker than 3-mm 0.12-in.5.8 Sieves75-mm 3-in., 19.0-mm 0.75-in., and4.75-mm No. 4 sieves conforming to the requirements ofSpecification E11.5.9 Mixing ToolsMiscellaneous tools such as mixin
31、g pan,and trowel, or a suitable mechanical device for thoroughlymixing the soil with cement and water.5.10 Butcher KnifeA butcher knife approximately 250mm 10 in. in length for trimming the top of the specimens.5.11 ScarifierA six-pronged ice pick or similar apparatusto remove the smooth compaction
32、plane at the top of the firstand second layers of the specimen.5.12 ContainerA flat, round pan for initial preparation ofheavy textured clayey material to facilitate moisture absorptionby the soil-cement mixtures, about 300 mm 12 in. in diameterand at least 50 mm 2 in. deep.5.13 Measuring DeviceA me
33、asuring device suitable foraccurately measuring the heights and diameters of test speci-mens to the nearest 0.25 mm 0.01 in.5.14 Pans and CarriersSuitable pans for handling mate-rials and carriers or trays for handling test specimens.5.15 GraduateA graduated cylinder of 250-mL 8.4-ozcapacity for mea
34、suring water.5.16 Water Content ContainersSuitable containers madeof material resistant to corrosion and change in mass uponrepeated heating, cooling, exposure to materials of varying pH,3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., N
35、W, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.4Soil-Cement Laboratory Handbook, Portland Cement Assn., 1992.D559/D559M 152and cleaning. Unless a desiccator is used, containers with closefitting lids shall be used for testing specimens having a mass ofabout 200 g 0.4 lbf; while for
36、specimens having a massgreater than about 200 g 0.4 lbf, containers without lids maybe used. One container is needed for each water contentdetermination.6. Standardization/Verification6.1 Perform verifications of molds and rammers in accor-dance with Test Methods D698 before initial use, after repai
37、rsor other occurrences that might affect the test results, atintervals not exceeding 500 test specimens, or annually,whichever occurs first.6.1.1 BalanceEvaluate in accordance with SpecificationD4753 as required by Test Methods D698.7. Test Method AUsing Soil Material Passing a4.75-mm No. 4 Sieve7.1
38、 Preparation of Material for Molding Specimens:7.1.1 Collect a soil sample that is visually representative ofthe project material.7.1.2 Prepare the soil sample in accordance with the proce-dure described in Test Method A of Test Methods D558.7.1.3 Select a sufficient quantity of the soil prepared as
39、described in 7.1.2 to provide two (Note 2) compacted speci-mens and required moisture samples.NOTE 2(Optional) Usually only one specimen (identified as No. 2) isrequired for routine testing. The other specimen (identified as No. 1) ismade for research work and for testing unusual soils.7.1.4 Add to
40、the soil the required amount of cementconforming to Specification C150 or Specification C595. Mixthe cement and soil thoroughly to a uniform color.7.1.5 Add sufficient potable water to raise the soil-cementmixture to optimum water content at the time of compactionand mix thoroughly.7.1.6 When the so
41、il used is a heavy textured clayeymaterial, transfer the mixture to the flat round pan and lightlytamp the mixture until firm using the rammer described in 5.2or a cylinder about 50 mm 2 in. in diameter. Cover themixture and allow to stand for not less than 5 min, but not morethan 10 min to aid disp
42、ersion of the moisture and to permitmore complete absorption by the soil-cement.7.1.7 After the absorption period, thoroughly break up themixture, without reducing the natural size of individualparticles, until it will pass a 4.75-mm No. 4 sieve, as judgedby eye, and then remix.7.2 Molding Specimens
43、:7.2.1 Form a specimen by immediately compacting thesoil-cement mixture in the mold, with the collar attached, andlater trimming the specimen in the same manner as directed forTest Method A of Test Methods D558, and in addition scarifythe tops of the first and second layers to remove smoothcompactio
44、n planes before placing and compacting the succeed-ing layers. This scarification shall form grooves at right anglesto each other, approximately 3 mm 0.12 in. in width and 3mm 0.12 in. in depth and approximately 6 mm 0.2 in. apart.7.2.2 During compaction, take a representative sample fromthe batch o
45、f soil-cement mixture that has a mass of at least, 100g 0.2 lbf. Determine and record the mass. Immediately, drythe specimen in a drying oven at 110 6 5C 230 6 9F forat least 12 h or to a constant mass. Determine and record theoven-dry mass of the specimen to four significant digits.Calculate the wa
46、ter content in accordance with Test MethodsD2216 and D698 and check against the design water content(Note 6).7.2.3 Determine and record the mass of the compactedspecimen to four significant digits and remove it from themold. Calculate the dry unit weight in kg/m3lbf/ft3inaccordance with Test Method
47、D558 to check against the designdry density (Note 6).7.2.3.1 If the dry unit weight obtained is within the designtolerances specified, identify the specimen with a metal tag (orother suitable device) as No. 1 together with any other neededidentification marks. This specimen will be used to obtain da
48、taon water content and volume changes during the test.7.2.3.2 If the dry unit weight obtained does not meet thetolerances specified, then another specimen will need to becompacted.7.2.4 Form a second specimen as rapidly as possible anddetermine the water content and oven-dry weight as describedin 7.
49、2.1 7.2.3. Identify this specimen as No. 2, together withother needed identification marks and use to obtain data onsoil-cement losses during the test.7.2.5 Determine the average diameter and height of the No.1 specimen and calculate its volume.7.2.6 Place the specimens on suitable carriers in the moistroom and protect them from free water for a period of sevendays.7.2.7 Determine and record the mass and measurements ofthe No. 1 specimen at the end of the seven-day storage peri
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