1、Designation: D56 05 (Reapproved 2010)Standard Test Method forFlash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D56; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONTo ensure an acceptable precision, this dynamic flash
3、 point test method employs a prescribed rateof temperature rise for the material under test. The rate of heating may not in all cases give theprecision quoted in the test method because of the low thermal conductivity of certain materials. Toimprove the prediction of flammability, Test Method D3941,
4、 which utilizes a slower heating rate, wasdeveloped. Test Method D3941 provides conditions closer to equilibrium where the vapor above theliquid and the liquid are at about the same temperature. If a specification requires Test Method D56,do not change to Test Method D3941 or other test method witho
5、ut permission from the specifier.Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, andthe operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standardtest method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed b
6、etween results obtained by differenttest methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flashpoint, by tag manual and automated closed testers, of liquidswith a viscosity below 5.5 mm2/s (cSt) at 40C (104F), orbelow 9.5 mm2/
7、s (cSt) at 25C (77F), and a flash point below93C (200F).1.1.1 For the closed-cup flash point of liquids with thefollowing properties: a viscosity of 5.5 mm2/s (cSt) or more at40C (104F); a viscosity of 9.5 mm2/s (cSt) or more at 25C(77F); a flash point of 93C (200F) or higher; a tendency toform a su
8、rface film under test conditions; or containingsuspended solids, Test Method D93 can be used.1.1.2 For cut-back asphalts refer to Test Methods D1310and D3143.NOTE 1The U.S. Department of Transportation (RSTA)2and U.S.Department of Labor (OSHA) have established that liquids with a flashpoint under 37
9、.8C (100F) are flammable as determined by this testmethod for those liquids that have a viscosity less than 5.5 mm2/s (cSt) at40C (104F) or 9.5 mm2/s (cSt) or less at 25C (77F), or do not containsuspended solids or do not have a tendency to form a surface film whileunder test. Other flash point clas
10、sifications have been established by thesedepartments for liquids using this test method.1.2 This test method can be used to measure and describethe properties of materials, products, or assemblies in responseto heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions andcannot be used to describe or a
11、ppraise the fire hazard or firerisk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fireconditions. However, results of this test method can be used aselements of fire risk assessment that takes into account all ofthe factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazardof a particular e
12、nd use.1.3 Related standards are Test Methods D93, D1310,D3828, D3278, and D3941.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 WARNINGMercury has been designated by manyregulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can
13、 causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAswebsiteht
14、tp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor addi-tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.08 on Volatility.Current edition approved Oc
15、t. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originallyapproved in 1918. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D5605. DOI:10.1520/D0056-05R10.2For information on United States Department of Transportation regulations, seeCodes of United States Regulation 49 CFR Chapter 1 and for information on UnitedSta
16、tes Department of Labor regulations, see Code of United States Regulation 29CFR Chapter XVII. Each of these items are revised annually and may be procuredfrom the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington,DC 20402.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
17、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and/or mercury containing products into your state or countrymay be prohibited by law.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard
18、to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificwarning statements see 8.2, 8.3, 9.5, 12.5, and refer to MaterialSafety Data Sheets.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D93 Test Methods for Flash Point b
19、y Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD1310 Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point ofLiquids by Tag Open-Cup ApparatusD3143 Test Method for Flash Point of CutbackAsphalt withTag Open-Cup ApparatusD3278 Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by SmallScale Closed-Cup ApparatusD3828 Test Methods for Fl
20、ash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD3941 Test Method for Flash Point by the EquilibriumMethod With a Closed-Cup ApparatusD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Ana
21、lyticalMeasurement System PerformanceD6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and BiasData for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products andLubricantsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE502 Test Method for Selection and Use of ASTM Stan-dards for the Determination of Flash P
22、oint of Chemicals byClosed Cup Methods2.2 Federal Test Method Standards:4Method 1101, Federal Test Method Standard No. 791bMethod 4291, Federal Test Method Standard No. 141A2.3 ISO Standards:5Guide 34 General Requirements for the Competence ofReference Material ProducersGuide 35 Certification of Ref
23、erence MaterialsGeneraland Statistical Principles3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 flash pointthe lowest temperature corrected to apressure of 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg) at which application of anignition source causes the vapors of a specimen of the sampleto ignite under specified conditions of test.3
24、.1.1.1 DiscussionThe specimen is deemed to haveflashed when a flame appears and instantaneously propagatesitself over the entire surface of the fluid.3.1.1.2 DiscussionWhen the ignition source is a testflame, the application of the test flame may cause a blue haloor an enlarged flame prior to the ac
25、tual flash point. This is nota flash and should be ignored.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 dynamic (non-equilibrium)in this type of flash pointapparatus, the condition of the vapor above the specimen andthe specimen are not at the same temperature at the time thatthe ignitio
26、n source is applied.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThis is primarily caused by the heatingof the specimen at the constant prescribed rate with the vaportemperature lagging behind the specimen temperature. Theresultant flash point temperature is generally within the repro-ducibility of the test method.3.2.2 equil
27、ibriumin that type of flash point apparatus ortest method, the vapor above the specimen and the specimenare at the same temperature at the time the ignition source isapplied.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThis condition may not be fullyachieved in practice, since the temperature is not uniformthroughout the spec
28、imen and the test cover and shutter aregenerally cooler.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The specimen is placed in the cup of the tester and, withthe lid closed, heated at a slow constant rate.An ignition sourceis directed into the cup at regular intervals. The flash point istaken as the lowest temperat
29、ure at which application of theignition source causes the vapor above the specimen to ignite.5. Significance and Use5.1 Flash point measures the tendency of the specimen toform a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratoryconditions. It is only one of a number of properties that shall bec
30、onsidered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of amaterial.5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations todefine flammable and combustible materials. One shouldconsult the particular regulation involved for precise defini-tions of these classes.5.3 Flash point can indicate the
31、 possible presence of highlyvolatile and flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile ornonflammable material. For example, an abnormally low flashpoint on a sample of kerosene can indicate gasoline contami-nation.6. Apparatus (Manual Instrument)6.1 Tag Closed TesterThe apparatus is shown in Fig.
32、 1and described in detail in Annex A1.6.2 ShieldA shield 460 mm (18 in.) square and 610 mm(24 in.) high, open in front, is recommended.6.3 Temperature Measuring DeviceA liquid-in-glass ther-mometer, as prescribed in Table 1, or an electronic temperaturemeasuring device such as a resistance device or
33、 thermocouple.The device shall exhibit the same temperature response as theliquid-in-glass thermometer.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
34、 Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.D56 05 (2010)2NOTE 2Whenever thermometers complying w
35、ith ASTM require-ments are not available, thermometers complying with the requirementsfor The Institute of Petroleum thermometer IP 15C PM-Low can be used.7. Sampling7.1 Erroneously high flash points will be obtained whenprecautions are not taken to avoid the loss of volatile material.Containers sho
36、uld not be opened unnecessarily to prevent lossof volatile material and possible introduction of moisture.Transfers should not be made unless the sample temperature isat least 10C (18F) below the expected flash point. Whenpossible, flash point shall be the first test performed on asample and the sam
37、ple must be stored at low temperature.7.2 Do not store samples in gas-permeable containers sincevolatile materials may diffuse through the walls of the enclo-sure. Samples in leaky containers are suspect and not a sourceof valid results.7.3 At least 50 mL of sample is required for each test. Referto
38、 sampling information in Practice D4057.8. Preparation of Apparatus (Manual)8.1 Support the manual apparatus on a level steady surface,such as a table. Unless tests are made in a draft-free room orcompartment, surround the tester on three sides by the shieldfor protection from drafts. Tests are not
39、to be made in alaboratory draft hood or near ventilators.8.2 Natural gas and bottled gas flame and electric ignitorshave been found acceptable for use as the ignition source.(WarningGas pressure supplied to the apparatus must not beallowed to exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of water pressure.)8.3 For flash po
40、ints below 13C (55F) or above 60C(140F), use as a bath liquid a 1 + 1 mixture of water andethylene glycol (WarningEthylene GlycolPoison. Harm-ful or fatal if swallowed. Vapor harmful. Avoid contact withskin.) For flash points between 13C (55F) and 60C (140F),either water or a water-glycol mixture ca
41、n be used as bathliquid. The temperature of the liquid in the bath shall be at least10C (18F) below the expected flash point at the time ofintroduction of the sample into the test cup. Do not cool bathliquid by direct contact with dry ice (solid carbon dioxide).NOTE 3Due to possible difficulty in ma
42、intaining the prescribed rate oftemperature rise and due to the formation of ice on the lid, results by thistest method for samples having flash points below 0C (32F) may beunreliable. Trouble due to ice formation on the slide can be minimized bycarefully lubricating the slide shutter with high-vacu
43、um silicone lubricant.8.4 Verify the performance of the manual apparatus (or in11.2.3, the automated apparatus) at least once per year bydetermining the flash point of a certified reference material(CRM), such as those listed in Annex A2, which is reasonablyclose to the expected temperature range of
44、 the samples to betested. The material shall be tested according to the procedureof this test method and the observed flash point obtained in 9.5shall be corrected for barometric pressure (see Section 13). Theflash point obtained shall be within the limits stated in TableA2.1 for the identified CRM
45、or within the limits calculated foran unlisted CRM (see Annex A2).8.5 Once the performance of the apparatus has been veri-fied, the flash point of secondary working standards (SWSs)can be determined along with their control limits. Thesesecondary materials can then be utilized for more frequentperfo
46、rmance checks (see Annex A2).8.6 When the flash point obtained is not within the limitsstated in 8.4 or 8.5, check the condition and operation of theapparatus to ensure conformity with the details listed in AnnexA1, especially with regard to tightness of the lid (see A1.1.3),the action of the shutte
47、r, the position of the ignition source (seeA1.1.3.3), and the angle and position of the temperaturemeasuring device (see A1.1.3.4). After any adjustment, repeatthe test in 8.4 using fresh test specimen, with special attentionto the procedural details prescribed in the test method.FIG. 1 Tag Closed F
48、lash Tester (Manual)TABLE 1 ThermometersFor tests Below 4C (40F)At 4 to 49C(40 to 120F)Above 49C(120F)Use ASTMThermometerA57C or (57F) 9C or (9F)57C or (57F)9C or (9F)AComplete specifications for these thermometers are given in Specification E1.D56 05 (2010)39. Procedure (Manual)9.1 Using a graduate
49、d cylinder and taking care to avoidwetting the cup above the final liquid level, measure 50 6 0.5mL of the sample into the cup, both the sample and graduatedcylinder being precooled, when necessary, so that the specimentemperature at the time of measurement will be 27 6 5C (806 10F) or at least 10C (18F) below the expected flash point,whichever is lower. It is essential that the sample temperaturebe maintained at least 10C (18F) below the expected flashpoint during the transfers from the sample container to thecylind
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