1、Designation: D560/D560M 16Standard Test Methods forFreezing and Thawing Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D560/D560M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover procedures
3、 for determiningthe soil-cement losses, water content changes, and volumechanges (swell and shrinkage) produced by repeated freezingand thawing of hardened soil-cement specimens. The speci-mens are compacted in a mold, before cement hydration, tomaximum density at optimum water content using the com
4、-paction procedure described in Test Methods D558.1.2 Two test methods, depending on soil gradation, arecovered for preparation of material for molding specimens andfor molding specimens as follows:SectionsTest Method A, using soil material passing a 4.75-mm No. 4 sieve.This method shall be used whe
5、n 100 % of the soil sample passesthe 4.75-mm No. 4 sieve.7Test Method B, using soil material passing a 0.75-in. 19.0-mm sieve.This method shall be used when part of the soil sample is retainedon the 4.75-mm No. 4 sieve. This test method may be used onlyon those materials that have 30 % or less retai
6、ned on the 19.0 mm0.75-in. sieve81.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the st
7、andard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectiv
8、es; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof these test methods to consider significant digits used inanalysis methods for engineering data.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or
9、 inch-pound units presented in brackets are to be regarded sepa-rately as standard. The values stated in each system shall beused independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in S
10、pecifi-cation E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses isfor information only and does not represent a different standardsieve size.1.4.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is usedwhen dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound(lbf) represents a unit of force (we
11、ight), while the unit for massis slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic(F = ma) calculations are involved.1.4.2 It is common practice in the engineering/constructionprofession to use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm)and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two
12、 separatesystems of unit; that is, the absolute system and the gravita-tional system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the useof two separate sets of inch-pound units within a singlestandard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitationalsystem of inch-pound units and does not use/pr
13、esent the slugunit for mass. However, the use of balances or scales recordingpounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft3shall notbe regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is t
14、heresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydr
15、aulic CementsD558 Test Methods for Moisture-Density (Unit Weight)Relations of Soil-Cement MixturesD559/D559M Test Methods for Wetting and Drying Com-pacted Soil-Cement MixturesD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids1These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee
16、D18 on Soiland Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on StabilizationWith Admixtures.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved in 1939. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D560/D560M15.DOI: 10.1520/D0560_D0560M-16.2For referenced
17、 ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright A
18、STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D2168 Practices for Calibration of Laboratory Mechanical-Rammer Soil Compact
19、orsD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD3282 Practice for Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction PurposesD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of So
20、il and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Si
21、eve Cloth and TestSievesE145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens2.2 AASHTO Standards:3M 145 Classifications of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixturesfor Highway Construction Purposes3. Terminology3.1 For common definitions of technical terms used in thisstandard, refer to Te
22、rminology D653.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods are used to determine the resistanceof compacted soil-cement specimens to repeated freezing andthawing. These test methods were developed to be used inconjunction with Test Methods D559/D559M and criteriagiven in the Soil-Cement Laboratory
23、 Handbook4to determinethe minimum amount of cement required in soil-cement toachieve a degree of hardness adequate to resist field weather-ing.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and thesuitability of the equipment an
24、d facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensurereliable results. Reliable results depend o
25、n many factors; Practice D3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Mold, Rammer, and Sample ExtruderRefer to TestMethods D698 for detailed specifications.5.2 BalancesAbalance or scale conforming to the require-ments of Class GP5 with a readability of1ginSpecificationD
26、4753, except that a Class GP2 balance of 0.1 g readability isrequired for water content determination.5.3 Drying OvenThermostatically controlled, preferablyof the forced-draft type, meeting the requirements of Specifi-cation E145 and capable of maintaining a uniform temperatureof 110 6 5C 230 6 9F t
27、hroughout the drying chamber.5.4 Freezing CabinetA freezing cabinet capable of main-taining temperatures of 23C 10F or lower.5.5 Moist RoomA moist room, or curing environment,capable of maintaining a temperature of 23 6 2C 73.5 63.5F and a relative humidity of 100 % for seven-day storageof compacted
28、 specimens and for thawing frozen specimens.5.6 Wire Scratch BrushA wire scratch brush made of50-mm 2-in. long by 1.6-mm 0.06 in. wide by 0.5-mm No.26 gage thick flat wire bristles assembled in 50 groups of 10bristles each and mounted to form five longitudinal rows andten transverse rows of bristles
29、 on a 190 by 65-mm 7.5- by2.5-in. hardwood block.5.7 StraightedgeA stiff metal straightedge of any conve-nient length but not less than 250 mm 10-in. The total lengthof the straightedge shall be machined straight to a tolerance of6 0.1-mm 60.004-in. The scraping edge shall be beveled ifit is thicker
30、 than 3-mm 0.12-in.5.8 Sieves75-mm 3-in., 19.0-mm 0.75-in., and4.75-mm No. 4 sieves conforming to the requirements ofSpecification E11.5.9 Mixing ToolsMiscellaneous tools such as mixing pan,and trowel, or a suitable mechanical device for thoroughlymixing the soil with cement and water.5.10 Butcher K
31、nifeA butcher knife approximately 250mm 10 in. in length for trimming the top of the specimens.5.11 ScarifierA six-pronged ice pick or similar apparatusto remove the smooth compaction plane at the top of the firstand second layers of the specimen.5.12 ContainerA flat, round pan, for initial preparat
32、ion ofheavy textured clayey material to facilitate moisture absorptionby the soil-cement mixtures, about 300 mm 12 in. in diameterand at least 50 mm 2 in. deep.5.13 Measuring DeviceA measuring device suitable foraccurately measuring the heights and diameters of test speci-mens to the nearest 0.25 mm
33、 0.01 in.5.14 Pans and CarriersSuitable pans for handling mate-rials and carriers or trays for handling test specimens.5.15 Absorptive Pads6-mm 0.25-in. thick felt pads,blotters, or similar absorptive material for placing betweenspecimens and specimen carriers.5.16 GraduateA graduated cylinder of 25
34、0-mL 8.4 ozcapacity for measuring water.5.17 Water Content ContainersSuitable containers madeof material resistant to corrosion and change in mass uponrepeated heating, cooling, exposure to materials of varying pH,and cleaning. Unless a desiccator is used, containers with closefilling lids shall be
35、used for testing specimens having a mass ofabout 200 g 0.4 lbf; while for specimens having a mass3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.4Soil-Cement Laboratory Ha
36、ndbook, Portland Cement Assn., 1992.D560/D560M 162greater than about 200 g, containers without lids may be used.One container is needed for each water content determination.6. Standardization/Verification6.1 Perform verifications of molds and rammers in accor-dance with Test Method D698 before initi
37、al use, after repairs orother occurrences that might affect the test results, at intervalsnot exceeding 500 test specimens, or annually, whicheveroccurs first.6.1.1 BalanceEvaluate in accordance with Guide D4753as required by Test Method D698.7. Test Method AUsing Soil Material Passing a4.75-mm No.
38、4 Sieve7.1 Preparation of Material for Molding Specimens:7.1.1 Collect a soil sample that is visually representative ofthe project material.7.1.2 Prepare the soil sample in accordance with TestMethod A of Test Methods D558.7.1.3 Select a sufficient quantity of the soil prepared asdescribed in 7.1.2
39、to provide two (Note 2) compacted speci-mens and required water content samples.NOTE 2(Optional)Usually only one specimen (identified as No. 2)is required for routine testing. The other specimen (identified as No. 1) ismade for research work and for testing unusual soils.7.1.4 Add to the soil the re
40、quired amount of cementconforming to Specification C150/C150M or SpecificationC595/C595M. Mix the cement and soil thoroughly to auniform color.7.1.5 Add sufficient potable water to raise the soil-cementmixture to optimum water content at time of compaction andmix thoroughly.7.1.6 When the soil used
41、is a heavy textured clayey materialtransfer the mixture to the flat round pan and lightly tamp themixture until firm using the rammer described in 5.1 or acylinder about 50-mm 2-in. in diameter. Cover the mixtureand allow to stand for not less than 5 min, but not more than 10min, to aid dispersion o
42、f the moisture and to permit morecomplete absorption by the soil-cement.7.1.7 After the absorption period, thoroughly break up themixture, without reducing the natural size of individualparticles, until it will pass a 4.75-mm No. 4 sieve, as judgedby eye, and then remix.7.2 Molding Specimens:7.2.1 F
43、orm a specimen by immediately compacting thesoil-cement mixture in the mold, with the collar attached, andlater trimming the specimen in the same manner as directed forTest Method A of Test Methods D558, and in addition scarifythe tops of the first and second layers to remove smoothcompaction planes
44、 before placing and compacting the succeed-ing layers. This scarification shall form grooves at right anglesto each other, approximately 3 mm 0.12 in. in width and 3mm 0.12 in. in depth and approximately 6 mm 0.2 in. apart.7.2.2 During compaction, take a representative sample fromthe batch of soil-c
45、ement mixture, that has a mass of at least 100g. Determine and record the mass. Immediately, dry thespecimen in a drying oven at 110 6 5C 230 6 9F for atleast 12 h or to a constant mass. Determine and record theoven-dry mass of the specimen to four significant digits.Calculate the water content in a
46、ccordance with Test MethodsD2216 and D698, and check against design water content.(Note 6)7.2.3 Determine and record the mass of the compactedspecimen to four significant digits and remove it from themold. Calculate the dry unit weight in kg/m3lbf/ft3inaccordance with Test Methods D558 to check agai
47、nst thedesign dry density. (Note 6).7.2.3.1 If the dry unit weight obtained is within the designtolerances specified, identify the specimen with a metal tag (orother suitable device) as No. 1, together with any other neededidentification marks. This specimen will be used to obtain dataon water conte
48、nt and volume changes during the test.7.2.3.2 If the dry unit weight obtained does not meet thetolerances specified, then another specimen will need to becompacted.7.2.4 Form a second specimen as rapidly as possible anddetermine the water content and oven-dry mass as described in7.2.1 7.2.3. Identif
49、y this specimen as No. 2, together withother needed identification marks and use to obtain data onsoil-cement losses during the test.7.2.5 Determine the average diameter and height of the No.1 specimen and calculate its volume.7.2.6 Place the specimens on suitable carriers in the moistroom and protect them from free water for a period of sevendays.7.2.7 Determine and record the mass and measurement ofthe No. 1 specimen at the end of the seven-day storage periodto provide data
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