1、Designation: D 585 97 (Reapproved 2002)An American National StandardStandard Practice forSampling and Accepting a Single Lot of Paper, Paperboard,Fiberboard, and Related Product1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 585; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Depa
3、rtment of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers a procedure for obtaining a sampleto represent a lot of paper or paperboard, fiberboard, or relatedproduct, including converted paper products (all hereafterreferred to as paper).1.2 Prior to purchase, there should be agreement betweenbuyer and sell
4、er on the size of the lot to be sampled (5.1), ondetails of the sampling procedure, the required physical andchemical properties, dimensional tolerances, etc., and the testmethods to be employed.1.3 Appendix X1 and Appendix X2, which provide useful,statistical criteria for accepting individual lots
5、of paper on thebasis of the number of defective test units, can assist the buyerand the seller in selecting an agreed-upon sampling andacceptance procedure.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of
6、 this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 528 Test Method for Machine Direction of Paper andPaperboard2D 1968 Terminology Relating to Paper and Paper Product
7、s2D 5039 Test Methods for Identification of Wire Side ofPaper22.2 ISO Standard:ISO 186 Paper and BoardSampling for Testing32.3 Military Standards:MIL-STD-105D Sampling Procedures and Tables for In-spection by Attributes4MIL-STD-414 Sampling Procedure and Table for Inspec-tion by Variables for Percen
8、t Defective43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions shall be in accordance withTerminology D 1968 and the Dictionary of Paper.54. Significance and Use4.1 If a lot of paper is to be accepted or rejected on the basisof a series of tests made on the paper, it is important to samplethe paper in a way t
9、hat will give a test result that isrepresentative of the lot of paper.5. Establishing the Lot5.1 General ConsiderationsAvoid grouping together as alot batches of paper likely to differ significantly from eachother in raw materials or manufacture. If the shipment is smallor consists of a large number
10、 of batches, it may be uneconomi-cal or impracticable to form lots conforming with the definition(3.1). If this is the case, divide the shipment into portions, to bedesignated “sublots,” in which each portion conforms to thedefinition of lot. Before starting the sampling, obtain a com-plete understa
11、nding of the paper to be sampled, including thecomposition and size of lots and sublots, rolls, skids, etc.5.2 Location of Sampling:5.2.1 Sampling at the Paper MillWhen paper is to bedelivered in large rolls or skids, if agreed, have the sampletaken at the paper mill and delivered to the purchaser f
12、orexamination and testing. Include in the purchase agreement adefinition of the number of rolls or skids constituting a lot anddetails of the sampling procedure to ensure compliance withthe rules in selecting the sample in accordance with Section 6.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Co
13、mmittee D06 on Paper andPaper Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D06.92 on TestMethods.Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1997. Published November 1998. Originallyapproved in 1940. Last previous edition approved in 1993 as D 585 93.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.3Ava
14、ilable from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13thFloor, New York, NY 10036.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.5Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry
15、,Technology Park, P.O. Box 105113, Atlanta, GA 30348.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Especially indicate whether the sample was taken from millreels or from the finished rolls or skids.5.2.2 Sampling in Transit or War
16、ehouseIt may be neces-sary to take a sample at a dock or warehouse en route betweenthe supplier and the purchaser, especially for internationalshipments or in referee sampling for testing. Sampling intransit or warehouse can be quite expensive and should beavoided whenever possible, because of the p
17、roblem of reseal-ing. Arranging to inspect the shipment prior to unloading isrecommended on inspection in transit. Establish the size ofeach lot and determine which rolls or skids will be sampled,and arrange to sample and reseal the rolls or skids as they areloaded or unloaded to minimize additional
18、 handling. Obtain thesample in accordance with Section 6.5.2.3 Sampling After ReceiptThis type of sampling hasthe obvious disadvantage of delaying evaluation of the ship-ment and of providing the least favorable conditions fordisposal of a rejected lot. Other considerations are the same asabove for
19、sampling in transit.5.3 Representativeness of the SampleThe test units of thesample usually cannot be taken at random from anywherewithin a large roll or skid, but must be taken near the outerlayers so as not to destroy the roll or skid. If such test units areregularly taken at the paper mill (5.2.1
20、) and a reasonablyuniform quality of production is being maintained, then the testunits will, in the long run, be quite representative of averageproduction, even though not randomly selected and thereforenot “representative” from a statistical viewpoint. Such testunits, however, taken when the lot i
21、s in transit or warehouse(5.2.2) or after receipt (5.2.3), cannot be said with certainty tobe representative of the shipment; for example, rolls shipped toa customer may have been selected because their outer layersmet the customers specification, with no knowledge as towhether properties vary from
22、the outer layers to the core of theroll. Such test units therefore may be neither random nor“representative,” but they are all that is available “to represent”the lot, which experience shows they do fairly well unlessnonuniform manufacture or aging has occurred.6. Selecting the Sample6.1 Determine t
23、he area of paper required for each test unit(see 3.3) and the number of test units required. Take a sampleconsisting of the required number of test units in accordancewith a predetermined procedure, designed to eliminate delib-erate selection of any particular area of paper (see X1.5), andas far as
24、practicable, conforming to the following rules:6.1.1 Rule 1: Take test units in proportion to the sizes of thesublotsWhen a lot divides naturally into sublots consisting ofdiscrete quantities such as carloads, pallet loads, rolls, etc., orwhen certain portions of the lot differ from one another and
25、aresegregated as “sublots” (5.1), take the test units in such a waythat the number of test units taken from a given sublot isproportional to the size of the sublot.6.1.2 Rule 2: Take the test units so that each area of paperin the lot or sublot has an equal probability of beingselectedIt is recogniz
26、ed that difficulties of handling may notpermit the taking of test units from locations scattered through-out the lot, but this should be done to the greatest practicableextent.6.1.3 Rule 3: Take test units indiscriminatelyTake theunits without regard to their condition or quality but do notsample th
27、e outermost sheets of a roll or skid. Also do notsample from inner sheets that have been damaged by handling,abrasion, etc., unless it is evident that similarly damaged areasoccur throughout the lot.6.2 Compliance with Rules 2 and 3 may be assured inaccordance with the following procedure: Divide th
28、e lot orsublot into “locations” (carloads, skids, cartons, etc.) in such away that each location contains an equal quantity of paper.Assign a number to each location and select the locations to besampled by drawing numbers at random from a hat or from atable or random numbers. Next assign and select
29、 the subloca-tions or areas within a location by the same procedure. In orderto minimize handling during sampling, observe the precautionsof Section 5.6.2.1 When test units are to be taken from small rolls,reams, bundles, cartons or shipping containers of completedpaper products, divide the lot or s
30、ublot into “locations,” etc.,and proceed as described above.6.2.2 When test units are to be taken from large rolls orskids, divide the lot or sublot into “locations” and “subloca-tions” no smaller than a roll or unopenable skid (see 6.3.2),assign and select numbers as described above, then proceed a
31、sdescribed in 6.3.NOTE 1In ISO and British Standards, the word reel is used for acontinuous sheet or board wound on a core and the word roll for the samewhen wound without a core. In the United States, the distinction isbetween the “reel” at the end of the paper machine and the “rolls” (withor witho
32、ut the cores) made therefrom.6.3 Large Rolls or Skids:6.3.1 When taking a test unit from a large roll remove alldamaged layers from the outside of the roll and, in addition,discard at least three undamaged layers for sheets having anominal grammage of less than 250 g/m2or at least oneundamaged layer
33、 for heavier sheets. Cut the roll across its fullwidth and to a sufficient depth to enable the requisite numberof sheets to be taken. Let the cut sheets fall to each side andremove the roll.6.3.2 When taking a test unit from a skid or roll that may notbe opened at the time of sampling, cut a window
34、300 by 450mm or larger if larger test specimens are required. Cut thewindow with its longer side in the machine direction when thisis known, or if not known, mark “Direction Unknown” ordetermine the machine direction using Test Method D 528 andmark whether the machine direction is the short dimensio
35、n orlong dimension. For paper that has been sheeted simulta-neously from several rolls, take a sufficient number of adjacentsheets to assure representation of all the rolls used. Cut thesheets to sufficient depth to enable the requisite number ofsheets to be taken and remove them. Remove all outside
36、 sheetsthat are damaged and, in addition, discard at least the threeoutermost undamaged sheets for paper having a nominalgrammage less than 250 g/m2or at least one outmost undam-aged sheet of heavier paper. Vary the position of the window atrandom among the skids or rolls from which test units are t
37、o bedrawn, making sure that the sides of the window are parallel tothose of the skid or to the roll edge and axis.D 585 97 (2002)26.3.3 In either of the above, if a test for moisture content isto be made, it may be necessary to discard considerably morethan three undamaged sheets of paper and one un
38、damagedsheet of board. In one case reported in the literature,6it wasnecessary to discard 40 sheets of manila board to obtain themoisture content of the major portion of the roll.7. Care of Samples7.1 Keep the test units smooth and flat, except for transport-ing, when it may be better to ship the te
39、st unit in a tube. Protectthe sample from exposure to direct sunlight, moisture of thehands, contact with liquids or other harmful influences such asextremes of temperature or humidities above 58 % relativehumidity. Consult the product specification and the test meth-ods for directions as to any pre
40、cautions to be taken or specialhandling necessary.8. Cutting and Marking8.1 Trim test units with their edges parallel to the machineand cross directions. Avoid watermarks or creases for otherthan grammage determinations; also avoid any unusual flawsor blemishes that might subsequently affect the tes
41、t results.Mark test units for identification, for example, the locationsfrom which they were taken, and, if needed, their machinedirection (see Test Method D 528) and top side (see TestMethods D 5039).9. Sampling Report9.1 When required, give a brief description of the shipmentor lot and the samplin
42、g including:9.1.1 Type and grade of paper or paperboard with a refer-ence to the specification, if available.9.1.2 Form in which purchased (that is, dimensions of rollsor sheets; packaging; etc., if not covered in the productspecification).9.1.3 Total quantity (usually weight or area), or purchaseor
43、der number, or both.9.1.4 Lot number or other identification of specific lotsampled (if divided into sublots, identification or description ofsublots).9.1.5 Date of sampling.9.1.6 Location of sampling (mill, warehouse, in transit,etc.).9.1.7 Description and enumeration of any portions of theshipment
44、 excluded from sampling because of damage.9.1.8 Deviations from the specified sampling procedure if itwas found to be not reasonably possible to follow the pre-scribed directions.9.1.9 Authority requesting the sample (if appropriate).10. Keywords10.1 fiberboard; paper; paperboard; samplingAPPENDIXES
45、(Nonmandatory Information)X1. Useful Acceptance PlansX1.1 Individual Lot AcceptanceThe appropriatesampling-acceptance plan provided in Appendix X2 is to beused only for individual lot acceptance when no other plan hasbeen specified and this method has been referenced. A plan thatis tailored to the s
46、pecific paper product, grade, type of defects,and use, etc., is preferable to a general plan. However, thegeneral plans provided in Appendix X2 are considered to be agood compromise between the costs of testing and the risks ofwrong decisions, and are applicable to a wide range of paperproducts.X1.2
47、 The acceptance plans given in Appendix X2 are called“attribute” acceptance plans because a test unit fails if it failsto conform to one or more of the requirements for which it istested and acceptance of the lot is based on an acceptably lownumber of units failing.X1.3 ISO 186 uses an engineered sa
48、mpling plan to deter-mine the lot average, with 5 % of the shipping units sampledbut with a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 20.X1.4 Maltenfort and Boedecker7describe a “variables”acceptance plan in which acceptance is based on the average ofthe values obtained for the test units and the variability am
49、ongthese values.X1.5 Deliberate nonrepresentative or semirepresentativeselection of rolls or skids for sampling may be desirable toemphasize expected stock problems. The plan uses the bills oflading to select skids or rolls at the beginning and near the endof the run, then randomly through the run but stressing frontand back positions. These are the areas from which productionproblems may be expected to arise. This approach is nonran-dom, not statistical, but may be more economical whenextremes and not averages are sought.X1.6 When a continuing series of lots is being obta
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