1、Designation: D613 14D613 15Designation: 41/2000Standard Test Method forCetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D613; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determinatio
3、n of the rating of diesel fuel oil in terms of an arbitrary scale of cetane numbersusing a standard single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, indirect injected diesel engine.1.2 The cetane number scale covers the range from zero (0) to 100, but typical testing is in the range o
4、f 30 to 65 cetane number.1.3 The values for operating conditions are stated in SI units and are to be regarded as the standard. The values given inparentheses are the historical inch-pound units for information only. In addition, the engine measurements continue to be ininch-pound units because of t
5、he extensive and expensive tooling that has been created for these units.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine
6、the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For more specific warning statements, see Annex A1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum ProductsD4057 Practice for
7、 Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory Volum
8、etric ApparatusE832 Specification for Laboratory Filter Papers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accepted reference value (ARV), na value that serves as an agreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derivedas: (1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientific principles, or (2) an
9、 assigned or certified value, based on experimentalwork of some national or international organization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based on collaborative experimental workunder the auspices of a scientific or engineering group. E4563.1.1.1 Discussion1 This test method is under the jurisd
10、iction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.01 on Combustion Characteristics.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014Feb. 1, 2015. Published November 2014March 2015. Originally approved in 1941. Last previous editio
11、n approved in 20132014 asD613 13.D613 143. DOI: 10.1520/D0613-14.10.1520/D0613-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page
12、 on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that us
13、ers consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
14、ohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1In the context of this test method, accepted reference value is understood to apply to the cetane number of specific referencematerials determined empirically under reproducibility conditions by the National Exchange Group or another recognizedexchange testing o
15、rganization.3.1.2 cetane number (CN), na measure of the ignition performance of a diesel fuel oil obtained by comparing it to referencefuels in a standardized engine test. D41753.1.2.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, ignition performance is understood to mean the ignition delay of the
16、fuel as determined in astandard test engine under controlled conditions of fuel flow rate, injection timing and compression ratio.3.1.3 compression ratio (CR), nthe ratio of the volume of the combustion chamber including the precombustion chamber withthe piston at bottom dead center to the comparabl
17、e volume with the piston at top dead center.3.1.4 ignition delay, nthat period of time, expressed in degrees of crank angle rotation, between the start of fuel injection andthe start of combustion.3.1.5 injection timing (injection advance), nthat time in the combustion cycle, measured in degrees of
18、crank angle, at whichfuel injection into the combustion chamber is initiated.3.1.6 repeatability conditions, nconditions where independent test results are obtained with the same method on identical testitems in the same laboratory by the same operator using the same equipment within short intervals
19、 of time. E4563.1.6.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, a short time interval between two ratings on a sample fuel is understood to be not less than thetime to obtain at least one rating on another sample fuel between them but not so long as to permit any significant change in thesample
20、fuel, test equipment, or environment.3.1.7 reproducibility conditions, nconditions where test results are obtained with the same method on identical test items indifferent laboratories with different operators using different equipment. E4563.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 ce
21、tane meter (ignition delay meter), meter, nthe electronic instrumentapparatus which displays injection advance andignition delay derived from input pulses of multiple transducers (pickups).3.2.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, three generations of apparatus have been approved for use
22、 as cetane meters. These are (year ofintroduction is parenthesis) the Mark II Ignition Delay Meter (1974), the Dual Digital Cetane Meter (1990), and the XCP CetanePanel (2014).3.2.2 Check Fuels, nfor quality control testing, a diesel fuel oil of selected characteristics having a cetane number accept
23、edreference value determined by round-robin testing under reproducibility conditions.3.2.3 combustion pickup, npressure transducer exposed to cylinder pressure to indicate the start of combustion.3.2.4 handwheel reading, nan arbitrary numerical value, related to compression ratio, obtained from a mi
24、crometer scale thatindicates the position of the variable compression plug in the precombustion chamber of the engine.3.2.5 injector opening pressure, nthe fuel pressure that overcomes the resistance of the spring which normally holds thenozzle pintle closed, and thus forces the pintle to lift and r
25、elease an injection spray from the nozzle.3.2.6 injector pickup, ntransducer to detect motion of the injector pintle, thereby indicating the beginning of injection.3.2.7 primary reference fuels (PRF), nn-cetane, heptamethyl nonane (HMN) and volumetrically proportioned mixtures ofthese materials whic
26、h now define the cetane number scale; the cetane number accepted reference value (CNARV) for any mixtureof n-cetane and HMN is given by the relationship:CNARV5volume-% n-cetane10.15 volume- %HMN! (1)3.2.7.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, the arbitrary cetane number scale was originall
27、y defined as the volume percent of n-cetane ina blend with alpha-methylnaphthalene (AMN) where n-cetane had an assigned value of 100 and AMN an assigned value of zero(0). A change from alpha-methylnaphthalene to heptamethylnonane as the low cetane ingredient was made in 1962 to utilize aD613 152mate
28、rial of better storage stability and availability. Heptamethylnonane was determined to have a cetane number accepted referencevalue (CNARV) of 15 based on engine testing by the ASTM Diesel National Exchange Group.33.2.7.2 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, the Diesel National Exchange Gro
29、up of Subcommittee D02.014 is composed of petroleumindustry, governmental, and independent laboratories. It conducts regular monthly exchange sample analyses to generate precisiondata for this engine test standard and determines the CNARV of reference materials used by all laboratories.3.2.8 referen
30、ce pickups, ntransducer(s) transducers or optical sensors mounted over the flywheel of the engine, triggered bya flywheel indicator, used to establish a top-dead-center (tdc) reference and a time base for calibration of the ignition delay cetanemeter.3.2.9 secondary reference fuels (SRF), nvolumetri
31、cally proportioned blends of two selected, numbered, and pairedhydrocarbon mixtures designated T Fuel (high cetane) and U Fuel (low cetane) that have been rated by theASTM Diesel NationalExchange Group using primary reference fuels to determine a cetane number accepted reference value for each indiv
32、idually andfor various combinations of the two.3.3 Abbreviations:3.3.1 ABDCafter bottom dead center3.3.2 AMNalpha-methylnaphthalene3.3.3 ARVaccepted reference value3.3.4 ATDCafter top dead center3.3.5 BBDCbefore bottom dead center3.3.6 BTDCbefore top dead center3.3.7 CNcetane number3.3.8 CRcompressi
33、on ratio3.3.9 HMNheptamethyl nonane3.3.10 HRFhigh reference fuel3.3.11 HWhand wheel3.3.12 IATintake air temperature3.3.13 LRFlow reference fuel3.3.14 NEGNational Exchange Group3.3.15 PRFprimary reference fuels3.3.16 SRFsecondary reference fuels3.3.17 TDCtop dead center3.3.18 UVultraviolet4. Summary
34、of Test Method4.1 The cetane number of a diesel fuel oil is determined by comparing its combustion characteristics in a test engine with thosefor blends of reference fuels of known cetane number under standard operating conditions. This is accomplished using thebracketing handwheel procedure which v
35、aries the compression ratio (handwheel reading) for the sample and each of twobracketing reference fuels to obtain a specific ignition delay permitting interpolation of cetane number in terms of handwheelreading.5. Significance and Use5.1 The cetane number provides a measure of the ignition characte
36、ristics of diesel fuel oil in compression ignition engines.5.2 This test method is used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a primaryspecification measurement related to matching of fuels and engines.3 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International He
37、adquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1092. Contact ASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.4 Bylaws governing ASTM Subcommittee D02.01 on Combustion Characteristics are available from the subcommittee or from ASTM International.D613 1535.3 Cetane number is determined a
38、t constant speed in a precombustion chamber type compression ignition test engine. Therelationship of test engine performance to full scale, variable speed, variable load engines is not completely understood.5.4 This test method may be used for unconventional fuels such as synthetics, vegetable oils
39、, and the like. However, therelationship to the performance of such materials in full scale engines is not completely understood.6. Interferences6.1 (WarningAvoid exposure of sample fuels and reference fuels to sunlight or fluorescent lamp UV emissions to minimizeinduced chemical reactions that can
40、affect cetane number ratings.)56.1.1 Exposure of these fuels to UV wavelengths shorter than 550 nm for a short period of time may significantly affect cetanenumber ratings.6.2 Certain gases and fumes present in the area where the cetane test engine is located may have a measurable effect on thecetan
41、e number test result.6.3 This test method is not suitable for rating diesel fuel oils with fluid properties that interfere with unimpeded gravity flowof fuel to the fuel pump or delivery through the injector nozzle.7. Apparatus7.1 Engine Equipment6,7This test method uses a single cylinder engine whi
42、ch consists of a standard crankcase with fuel pumpassembly, a cylinder with separate head assembly of the precombustion type, thermal syphon recirculating jacket coolant system,multiple fuel tank system with selector valving, injector assembly with specific injector nozzle, electrical controls, and
43、a suitableexhaust pipe. The engine is belt connected to a special electric power-absorption motor which acts as a motor driver to start theengine and as a means to absorb power at constant speed when combustion is occurring (engine firing). See Fig. 1 and Table 1.7.2 Instrumentation6,7This test meth
44、od uses an electronic instrumentapparatus to measure injection and ignition delay timingas well as conventional thermometry, gages and general purpose meters.7.2.1 Cetane Meter, Meter (Ignition Delay Meter) is critical and Use of an approved cetane meter is mandatory; only the XCPCetane Panel or the
45、 Dual Digital Cetane Meter or the Mark II Ignition Delay Meter shall be used for this test method.7.3 Reference Fuel Dispensing EquipmentThis test method requires repeated blending of two secondary reference fuelmaterials in volumetric proportions on an as-needed basis. Measurement shall be performe
46、d accurately because rating error isproportional to blending error.7.3.1 Volumetric Blending of Reference FuelsVolumetric blending has historically been employed to prepare the requiredblends of reference fuels. For volumetric blending, a set of two burets or accurate volumetric ware shall be used a
47、nd the desiredbatch quantity shall be collected in an appropriate container and thoroughly mixed before being introduced to the engine fuelsystem.7.3.1.1 Calibrated burets or volumetric ware having a capacity of 400 or 500 mL and a maximum volumetric tolerance of60.2 % shall be used. Calibration sha
48、ll be verified in accordance with Practice E542.7.3.1.2 Calibrated burets shall be outfitted with a dispensing valve and delivery tip to accurately control dispensed volume. Thedelivery tip shall be of such size and design that shutoff tip discharge does not exceed 0.5 mL.7.3.1.3 The rate of deliver
49、y from the dispensing system shall not exceed 500 mL per 60 s.7.3.1.4 The set of burets for the reference and standardization fuels shall be installed in such a manner and be supplied withfluids such that all components of each batch or blend are dispensed at the same temperature.7.3.1.5 See Appendix X1, Volumetric Reference Fuel Blending Apparatus and Procedures, for typical dispensing systeminformation.7.3.2 Gravimetric Blending of Reference FuelsUse of blending systems that allow preparation of the volumetrically-definedblend
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