1、Designation: D613 15aDesignation: 41/2000Standard Test Method forCetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D613; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of t
3、he ratingof diesel fuel oil in terms of an arbitrary scale of cetanenumbers using a standard single cylinder, four-stroke cycle,variable compression ratio, indirect injected diesel engine.1.2 The cetane number scale covers the range from zero (0)to 100, but typical testing is in the range of 30 to 6
4、5 cetanenumber.1.3 The values for operating conditions are stated in SI unitsand are to be regarded as the standard. The values given inparentheses are the historical inch-pound units for informationonly. In addition, the engine measurements continue to be ininch-pound units because of the extensive
5、 and expensivetooling that has been created for these units.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-b
6、ility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specificwarning statements, see Annex A1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum ProductsD4057 Practice for Manual Samp
7、ling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory VolumetricApparatusE
8、832 Specification for Laboratory Filter Papers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accepted reference value (ARV), na value that servesas an agreed-upon reference for comparison, and which isderived as: (1) a theoretical or established value, based onscientific principles, or (2) an assigned or certi
9、fied value, basedon experimental work of some national or internationalorganization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based oncollaborative experimental work under the auspices of ascientific or engineering group. E4563.1.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method,accepted reference valu
10、e is understood to apply to the cetanenumber of specific reference materials determined empiricallyunder reproducibility conditions by the National ExchangeGroup or another recognized exchange testing organization.3.1.2 cetane number (CN), na measure of the ignitionperformance of a diesel fuel oil o
11、btained by comparing it toreference fuels in a standardized engine test. D41753.1.2.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method,ignition performance is understood to mean the ignition delayof the fuel as determined in a standard test engine undercontrolled conditions of fuel flow rate, injection
12、timing andcompression ratio.3.1.3 compression ratio (CR), nthe ratio of the volume ofthe combustion chamber including the precombustion chamberwith the piston at bottom dead center to the comparable volumewith the piston at top dead center.3.1.4 ignition delay, nthat period of time, expressed indegr
13、ees of crank angle rotation, between the start of fuelinjection and the start of combustion.3.1.5 injection timing (injection advance), nthat time inthe combustion cycle, measured in degrees of crank angle, atwhich fuel injection into the combustion chamber is initiated.1This test method is under th
14、e jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.01 on Combustion Characteristics.Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originallyapproved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2015
15、as D613 15. DOI:10.1520/D0613-15A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes secti
16、on appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.6 repeatability conditions, nconditions where inde-pendent test results are obtained with the same method onidentical test items in the same lab
17、oratory by the same operatorusing the same equipment within short intervals of time. E4563.1.6.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, ashort time interval between two ratings on a sample fuel isunderstood to be not less than the time to obtain at least onerating on another sample fuel betwe
18、en them but not so long asto permit any significant change in the sample fuel, testequipment, or environment.3.1.7 reproducibility conditions, nconditions where testresults are obtained with the same method on identical testitems in different laboratories with different operators usingdifferent equi
19、pment. E4563.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cetane meter, nthe electronic apparatus which dis-plays injection advance and ignition delay derived from inputpulses of multiple transducers (pickups).3.2.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, threegenerations of appara
20、tus have been approved for use as cetanemeters. These are (year of introduction is parenthesis) the MarkII Ignition Delay Meter (1974), the Dual Digital Cetane Meter(1990), and the XCP Cetane Panel (2014).3.2.2 Check Fuels, nfor quality control testing, a dieselfuel oil of selected characteristics h
21、aving a cetane numberaccepted reference value determined by round-robin testingunder reproducibility conditions.3.2.3 combustion pickup, npressure transducer exposed tocylinder pressure to indicate the start of combustion.3.2.4 handwheel reading, nan arbitrary numerical value,related to compression
22、ratio, obtained from a micrometer scalethat indicates the position of the variable compression plug inthe precombustion chamber of the engine.3.2.5 injector opening pressure, nthe fuel pressure thatovercomes the resistance of the spring which normally holdsthe nozzle pintle closed, and thus forces t
23、he pintle to lift andrelease an injection spray from the nozzle.3.2.6 injector pickup, ntransducer to detect motion of theinjector pintle, thereby indicating the beginning of injection.3.2.7 primary reference fuels (PRF), nn-cetane, heptam-ethyl nonane (HMN) and volumetrically proportioned mixtureso
24、f these materials which now define the cetane number scale;the cetane number accepted reference value (CNARV) for anymixture of n-cetane and HMN is given by the relationship:CNARV5 volume-% n-cetane10.15 volume- % HMN! (1)3.2.7.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, thearbitrary cetane numb
25、er scale was originally defined as thevolume percent of n-cetane in a blend with alpha-methylnaphthalene (AMN) where n-cetane had an assignedvalue of 100 and AMN an assigned value of zero (0). A changefrom alpha-methylnaphthalene to heptamethylnonane as thelow cetane ingredient was made in 1962 to u
26、tilize a material ofbetter storage stability and availability. Heptamethylnonanewas determined to have a cetane number accepted referencevalue (CNARV) of 15 based on engine testing by the ASTMDiesel National Exchange Group.33.2.7.2 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, theDiesel National Exc
27、hange Group of Subcommittee D02.014iscomposed of petroleum industry, governmental, and indepen-dent laboratories. It conducts regular monthly exchange sampleanalyses to generate precision data for this engine test standardand determines the CNARVof reference materials used by alllaboratories.3.2.8 r
28、eference pickups, ntransducers or optical sensorsmounted over the flywheel of the engine, triggered by aflywheel indicator, used to establish a top-dead-center (tdc)reference and a time base for calibration of the cetane meter.3.2.9 secondary reference fuels (SRF), nvolumetricallyproportioned blends
29、 of two selected, numbered, and pairedhydrocarbon mixtures designated T Fuel (high cetane) and UFuel (low cetane) that have been rated by the ASTM DieselNational Exchange Group using primary reference fuels todetermine a cetane number accepted reference value for eachindividually and for various com
30、binations of the two.3.3 Abbreviations:3.3.1 ABDCafter bottom dead center3.3.2 AMNalpha-methylnaphthalene3.3.3 ARVaccepted reference value3.3.4 ATDCafter top dead center3.3.5 BBDCbefore bottom dead center3.3.6 BTDCbefore top dead center3.3.7 CNcetane number3.3.8 CRcompression ratio3.3.9 HMNheptameth
31、yl nonane3.3.10 HRFhigh reference fuel3.3.11 HWhand wheel3.3.12 IATintake air temperature3.3.13 LRFlow reference fuel3.3.14 NEGNational Exchange Group3.3.15 PRFprimary reference fuels3.3.16 SRFsecondary reference fuels3.3.17 TDCtop dead center3.3.18 UVultraviolet4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The ceta
32、ne number of a diesel fuel oil is determined bycomparing its combustion characteristics in a test engine withthose for blends of reference fuels of known cetane numberunder standard operating conditions. This is accomplishedusing the bracketing handwheel procedure which varies thecompression ratio (
33、handwheel reading) for the sample and each3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1092. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.4Bylaws governing ASTM Subcommittee D02.01 on Combustion Characteris-tics are ava
34、ilable from the subcommittee or from ASTM International.D613 15a2of two bracketing reference fuels to obtain a specific ignitiondelay permitting interpolation of cetane number in terms ofhandwheel reading.5. Significance and Use5.1 The cetane number provides a measure of the ignitioncharacteristics
35、of diesel fuel oil in compression ignition en-gines.5.2 This test method is used by engine manufacturers,petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as aprimary specification measurement related to matching of fuelsand engines.5.3 Cetane number is determined at constant speed in aprecombustion
36、 chamber type compression ignition test engine.The relationship of test engine performance to full scale,variable speed, variable load engines is not completely under-stood.5.4 This test method may be used for unconventional fuelssuch as synthetics, vegetable oils, and the like. However, therelation
37、ship to the performance of such materials in full scaleengines is not completely understood.6. Interferences6.1 (WarningAvoid exposure of sample fuels and refer-ence fuels to sunlight or fluorescent lamp UV emissions tominimize induced chemical reactions that can affect cetanenumber ratings.)56.1.1
38、Exposure of these fuels to UV wavelengths shorterthan 550 nm for a short period of time may significantly affectcetane number ratings.6.2 Certain gases and fumes present in the area where thecetane test engine is located may have a measurable effect onthe cetane number test result.6.3 This test meth
39、od is not suitable for rating diesel fuel oilswith fluid properties that interfere with unimpeded gravity flowof fuel to the fuel pump or delivery through the injector nozzle.7. Apparatus7.1 Engine Equipment6,7This test method uses a singlecylinder engine which consists of a standard crankcase withf
40、uel pump assembly, a cylinder with separate head assembly ofthe precombustion type, thermal syphon recirculating jacketcoolant system, multiple fuel tank system with selectorvalving, injector assembly with specific injector nozzle, elec-trical controls, and a suitable exhaust pipe. The engine is bel
41、tconnected to a special electric power-absorption motor whichacts as a motor driver to start the engine and as a means toabsorb power at constant speed when combustion is occurring(engine firing). See Fig. 1 and Table 1.7.2 Instrumentation6,7This test method uses electronicapparatus to measure injec
42、tion and ignition delay timing aswell as conventional thermometry, gages and general purposemeters.7.2.1 Cetane MeterUse of an approved cetane meter ismandatory; only the XCP Cetane Panel or the Dual DigitalCetane Meter or the Mark II Ignition Delay Meter shall be usedfor this test method.7.3 Refere
43、nce Fuel Dispensing EquipmentThis testmethod requires repeated blending of two secondary referencefuel materials in volumetric proportions on an as-needed basis.Measurement shall be performed accurately because ratingerror is proportional to blending error.7.3.1 Volumetric Blending of Reference Fuel
44、sVolumetricblending has historically been employed to prepare the re-quired blends of reference fuels. For volumetric blending, a setof two burets or accurate volumetric ware shall be used and thedesired batch quantity shall be collected in an appropriatecontainer and thoroughly mixed before being i
45、ntroduced to theengine fuel system.7.3.1.1 Calibrated burets or volumetric ware having a ca-pacity of 400 mL or 500 mL and a maximum volumetrictolerance of 60.2 % shall be used. Calibration shall be verifiedin accordance with Practice E542.7.3.1.2 Calibrated burets shall be outfitted with a dispensi
46、ngvalve and delivery tip to accurately control dispensed volume.The delivery tip shall be of such size and design that shutoff tipdischarge does not exceed 0.5 mL.7.3.1.3 The rate of delivery from the dispensing systemshall not exceed 500 mL per 60 s.7.3.1.4 The set of burets for the reference and s
47、tandardiza-tion fuels shall be installed in such a manner and be suppliedwith fluids such that all components of each batch or blend aredispensed at the same temperature.7.3.1.5 See Appendix X1, Volumetric Reference FuelBlending Apparatus and Procedures, for typical dispensingsystem information.7.3.
48、2 Gravimetric Blending of Reference FuelsUse ofblending systems that allow preparation of the volumetrically-defined blends by gravimetric (mass) measurements based onthe density of the individual components is also permitted,provided the system meets the requirement for maximum0.2 % blending tolera
49、nce limits.7.3.2.1 Calculate the mass equivalents of thevolumetrically-defined blend components from the densities ofthe individual components at 15.56 C (60 F).7.4 Auxiliary Apparatus:7.4.1 Injector Nozzle TesterThe injector nozzle assemblyshall be checked whenever the injector nozzle is removed andreassembled to ensure the initial pressure at which fuel isdischarged from the nozzle is properly set. It is also importantto inspect the type of spray pattern. Commercial injector nozzletesters which include a lever-operated pressure c
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