1、Designation: D 642 00 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Test Method forDetermining Compressive Resistance of ShippingContainers, Components, and Unit Loads1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 642; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1
3、This test method covers compression tests on shippingcontainers (for example, boxes and drums) or components, orboth. Shipping containers may be tested with or withoutcontents. The procedure may be used for measuring the abilityof the container to resist external compressive loads applied toits face
4、s, to diagonally opposite edges, or to corners (Fig. 1 andFig. 2). This test method covers testing of multiple containersor unit loads, in addition to individual shipping containers,components, materials, or combination thereof.1.2 The test method of applying load may be used tocompare the character
5、istics of a given design of container witha standard, or to compare the characteristics of containersdiffering in construction.1.3 This test method is related to TAPPI T804, which issimilar for fixed platen machines but does not recognize swivelplaten machines. This test method fulfills the requirem
6、ents ofInternational Organization for Standardization (ISO) TestMethod 12048. The ISO standards may not meet the require-ments for this test method.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this st
7、andard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven DryingD 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution
8、Environ-mentsD 2016 Methods of Test for Moisture Content of Wood3D 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD 4577 Test Method for Compression Resistance of aContainer Under Const
9、ant LoadE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for aCharacteristic of a Lot or Process2.2 TAPPI Standard:T 804 Compression testing of fiberboard shipping contain-ers42.3 ISO Standard:
10、ISO 12048 PackagingComplete, filled transportpackagesCompression and stacking test using compres-sion tester53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral terms for Packaging and Distribu-tion Environments are found in Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 fixed platen te
11、sting machinea testing machineequipped with two platens which are both restrained fromtilting.3.2.2 swiveled platen testing machinea testing machineequipped with two platens, one rigidly restrained from tiltingwhile the other platen is universally mounted and allowed totilt freely.4. Significance an
12、d Use4.1 Compressive resistance is one of the properties used toevaluate the ability of shipping containers, components, andunit loads to successfully survive the compressive forces theyare subjected to during storage and distribution (see Note 1).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM
13、Committee D10 onPackaging, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.22 on Handlingand Transportation.Current edition approved April 1, 2005. Published April 2005. Originallyapproved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 642 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
14、 website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, 15Technology Parkway S
15、outh, Atlanta, GA 30092.5Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 1For constant load test refer to Test Method D 4577.4.2
16、Compressive resistance may be determined with eitherfixed- or swiveled-platen-type testing machines. However, afixed-head compression machine is required to perform edge-to-edge and corner-to-corner orientations on test specimens(see Note 2). Also, unit loads are generally tested only in thetop-to-b
17、ottom orientation.NOTE 2Fixed-platen machines generally cause specimens to fail attheir strongest point, while swivel-platen machines cause specimens to failat their weakest point.6The swiveled platen is allowed to move to theweakest point of the container.5. Apparatus5.1 Compression Testing Machine
18、s:5.1.1 Fixed-Platen Testing MachineTwo platens, flat towithin 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) for each 12 in. (304.8 mm) in length,and one of which is movable in the vertical direction so as tocompress the container between the platens. One is the loadmeasuring platen, and both should be of sufficient size so t
19、hatthe test container does not extend beyond the edges of theplatens. Both platens are fixed in the horizontal directions so asto have no lateral movement greater than0.05 in. (1.3 mm), andare held parallel throughout the test to within 0.04 in. (1 mm)for each 12 in. (304.8 mm) in the length and wid
20、th dimensions.5.1.2 Swivel-Platen Testing MachineTwo platens, flat towithin 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) for each 12 in. (304.8 mm) in length,and one which is movable in the vertical direction so as tocompress the container between the platens. One is theload-measuring platen, and both should be of sufficient
21、 size sothat the test container does not extend beyond the edges of theplatens. One platen is fixed in the horizontal direction so as tohave no lateral movement greater than 0.05 in. (1.3 mm). Thesecond platen is attached to the machine by a swivel oruniversal joint to a point directly centered on t
22、he platen,allowing the platen to tilt freely.5.2 Suitable Closure ApparatusSee Appendix X1.5.3 Conditioning ApparatusProvide adequate facilitiesfor conditioning test containers at proper relative humidity andtemperature prior to test in accordance with the requirements ofthe specifications covering
23、the containers to be tested. It isrecommended that the atmospheres for conditioning be se-lected from those shown in Practice D 4332. Unless otherwisespecified, fiberboard and other paperboard containers shall bepreconditioned and conditioned in accordance with the stan-dard atmosphere specified in
24、Practice D 4332.6. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units6.1 Choose test specimens and sample quantities to providean adequate determination of representative performance. Forlarge production runs, lot sampling is advised. Application ofPractice E 122 is suggested.6.2 Whenever sufficient container
25、s and contents are avail-able, it is recommended that five or more replicate tests beconducted to improve the statistical reliability of the dataobtained.6.3 The specimens being tested shall be complete in allrespects. Depending on the purpose of the test, interiorcomponents may or may not be includ
26、ed. Tests shall be madeon specimens with or without contents as prescribed.6.4 The test specimen shall be closed and secured in thesame manner as will be used in preparing them for shipmentunless otherwise specified. The method of flap securement forcorrugated containers may affect test results (see
27、 AppendixX1).7. Calibration and Standardization7.1 The accuracy of the test equipment must be verified toensure reliable test data.7.1.1 The overall system accuracy of the recorded or indi-cated applied load (force) shall be verified in accordance withPractice E4. The verified loading range shall be
28、 specified, anderrors within the loading range shall not exceed 61.0 % ofreading (as calculated in Practice E4). If testing below thePractice E4verified loading range is desired, then the maxi-mum permissible error shall not exceed6 0.2 % of the fullrange of the force sensor. Calculate as follows:E
29、5 FS3 0.002 (1)where:E = maximum permissible error, lbf or N, andFS= force sensors full range, lbf or N.7.1.2 The accuracy of the recorded or indicated platendisplacement must be verified in accordance with the equip-ment manufacturers recommended procedures. The error,including the effects of any b
30、acklash in the loading system,shall not exceed 60.1 in. (62.5 mm).7.1.3 The accuracy of the platen travel rate at 0.5 in./min(12.7 mm/min) must be verified throughout each loading rangein accordance with the equipment manufacturers recom-mended procedures. The error, including any backlash in theloa
31、ding system, shall not exceed 60.10 in./min (62.5 mm/min).8. Conditioning8.1 Test specimens shall be conditioned prior to test orduring test, or both, in accordance with the requirements of theapplicable specification. When no conditioning requirementsare given and container materials are moisture s
32、ensitive, astandard conditioning atmosphere is recommended in accor-dance with Practice D 4332.8.1.1 Moisture content determination may be carried out formoisture-sensitive materials at the time of the test to confirmtest effects of conditioning (see Appendix X2).8.2 For special applications, and de
33、pending on the purposeof the test, the test specimens may be conditioned prior to thecompression test by water immersion, exposure to water spray,or other specific conditions.9. Procedure9.1 Center the specimen on the lower platen of the testingmachine in the desired orientation, so as not to incur
34、eccentricloading.9.1.1 Significant errors may result during testing if thespecimen is placed off-center on the platen. Also, extensive6Singh, S. P., Burgess, G., Langlois, M., “Compression of Single-Wall Corru-gated Shipping Containers Using Fixed and Floating Test Platens,” ASTM JOTE,July 1992.D 64
35、2 00 (2005)2damage to equipment may occur if test specimens are placedoff-center on the platen.9.2 Bring the platens into contact with the specimen apply-ing an initial pressure or pre-load.9.2.1 For single-wall corrugated containers, an initial forceor pre-load of 50 lbf (222 N) on the specimen is
36、recommended.For double-wall and triple-wall boxes, pre-loads of 100 lbf(445 N) and 500 lbf (2220 N) respectively are recommended.For other types of test specimens a suitable pre-load may ormay not be selected.9.3 Fixed platen machines must be used for tests where thecompressive loads are applied on
37、test specimen edges, or ondiagonal corners (Fig. 1). Either fixed-platen or swivelplatenmachines may be used for face-to-face compressive tests (Fig.2).9.4 If the testing machine is not fitted with a load-deformation recorder, record the test load for every 0.1 in. (2.5mm) of deformation of the cont
38、ainer (see 9.4.1). Set theload-deformation recorder to display zero deformation.9.4.1 When testing full containers, and the load sensingdevice is located under the bottom platen, be sure to zero thetest machine with the product on it, or subtract the containerweight from peak load readings.9.5 Apply
39、 the load with a continuous motion of the movableplaten of the testing machine at a speed of 0.5 6 0.1 in. (12.76 2.5 mm)/min until failure or a specified load, has beenreached (see Note 3).NOTE 3Special applications, such as Practice D 4169, Element D,may require that a specific load be calculated
40、and then applied to thecontainer.9.6 Prior to testing for each type of loading, critical pointsshall be established, where applicable. Record the compressiveload at these critical deformations, together with the maximumload and deformation.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 A sta
41、tement indicating that the tests were performedin accordance with this test method, except where noted.10.1.2 Container Structural and Physical Specifications:10.1.2.1 Inside dimensions should be specified for all cor-rugated and solid fiberboard containers.10.1.2.2 Description of the contents (prod
42、ucts) of the con-tainer and gross weight of the filled container, as tested.10.1.2.3 Description and specification of materials, style ofcontainer, access holes, and double scores.10.1.2.4 Description and specifications for interior packag-ing, if used.10.1.2.5 Spacing, size, and type of fasteners a
43、nd method ofclosure.10.1.2.6 Printing amount and location on container. Recordcaliper of printed and plain surfaces.10.1.3 Detailed Results for Each Test Specimen:10.1.3.1 Pre- and post-test damage to the container andcontents.FIG. 1 Compression Applied Diagonally Opposite EdgesFIG. 2 Compression Ap
44、plied Top-to-BottomD 642 00 (2005)310.1.3.2 Any observations that may assist in correctly inter-preting the results or aid in improving the design of thecontainer (for example, photographic evidence of containerdamage).10.1.3.3 Nature and cause of failure.10.1.3.4 Any tests performed on the test spe
45、cimen prior tocompression testing.10.1.3.5 A tabulation of individual maximum load anddeformation results.10.1.3.6 Graph or table showing the load-deformation rela-tionship for each test.10.1.3.7 Number of specimens tested.10.1.3.8 Mean and standard deviation calculations of allspecimens tested.10.1
46、.4 Identification of Test Apparatus and InstrumentationUsed, Including Manufacturers Names and Model Numbers.10.1.4.1 Type of test machine used, such as fixed orswiveled platen. Include details of any known modifications.10.1.4.2 Orientation in which the specimen was tested, suchas platen speed and
47、pre-load applied to the test specimen, ifany.10.1.4.3 Date of last calibration of apparatus and recordinginstrumentation.10.1.5 Method, if any, of conditioning the container.10.1.6 The moisture content of the wood, plywood, orfiberboard, if determined.10.1.7 Description of test set-up used such as p
48、allets,fixtures, or simulation devices.10.1.8 The results of any supplementary tests of the mate-rials from which the container is made.11. Precision and Bias711.1 The precision and bias statement is based on datadeveloped from a round-robin compression test8conducted byeleven laboratories. The test
49、 specimens consisted of 200-lb testC-flute regular slotted containers measuring 16 by 12 by 10 in.When testing empty RSC-style corrugated containers for top tobottom compression strength using a fixed-platen compressiontester, the precision of the test method is as follows:11.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successiveresults obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identical test materialswould in the long run, in normal and correct operation of thetest method, exceed the following values only one time intw
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