1、Designation: D 653 07dStandard Terminology Relating toSoil, Rock, and Contained Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 653; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.These definitions were prepared jointly by the American Society of Civil
3、Engineers and the American Society for Testing and Materials.1. Scope*1.1 These definitions apply to many terms found in theTerminology section of standards of ASTM Committee D18.1.2 This standard defines terms related to soil, rock, andcontained fluids found in the terminology sections of standards
4、under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18.1.3 These terms define many words found in the Terminol-ogy section of standards of ASTM Committee D18.1.4 Definitions of terms relating to frozen soils are con-tained in Terminology D 7099.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 150 Specification fo
5、r Portland CementD 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D 4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method inDetermining Hydraulic Properties by Well TechniquesD 4044 Test Method (Field Procedure) for InstantaneousChange in Head (Slug)
6、Tests for Determining HydraulicProperties of AquifiersD 4050 Test Method (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal andInjection Well Tests for Determining Hydraulic Propertiesof Aquifer SystemsD 4104 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-ing Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers byOverdamped
7、 Well Response to Instantaneous Change inHead (Slug Tests)D 4105 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-ing Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of NonleakyConfined Aquifers by the Modified Theis NonequilibriumMethodD 4106 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-ing Transmissivity
8、 and Storage Coefficient of NonleakyConfined Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium MethodD 4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD 4631 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorativity of Low Permeability Rocks by In Situ Mea-surements Using Pressure
9、Pulse TechniqueD 4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell)D 5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a FlexibleWall PermeameterD 5088 Practices for Decontamination of Field Equip
10、mentUsed at Waste SitesD 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundWater Monitoring WellsD 5269 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity ofNonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis RecoveryMethodD 5270 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, C
11、onfinedAqui-fersD 5299 Guide for Decommissioning of Ground WaterWells, Vadose Zone Monitoring Devices, Boreholes, andOther Devices for Environmental ActivitiesD 5878 Guides for Using Rock-Mass Classification Sys-tems for Engineering PurposesD 6312 Guide for Developing Appropriate Statistical Ap-proa
12、ches for Ground-Water Detection Monitoring Pro-gramsD 6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Grada-tion) of Soils Using Sieve AnalysisD 7099 Terminology Relating to Frozen Soil and Rock3. Significance and Use3.1 Definitions in this standard are to be regarded as thecorrect ones for terms
13、found in other ASTM standards ofCommittee D18. Certain terms may be found in more than one1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.93 on Terminologyfor Soil, Rock and Contained Fluids.Current edition approv
14、ed Aug. 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 653 07c.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer
15、 to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.standard issued under the jurisdiction of this committee and
16、many of these terms have been placed in this standard.3.2 Terms that are defined in some textbooks may differslightly from those in this standard. Definitions in TerminologyD 653 are to be regarded as correct for ASTM usage3.3 A number of the definitions include symbols and indi-cate the units of me
17、asurement. The symbols appear in italicsimmediately after the name of the term, followed by the unit inparentheses. No significance should be placed on the order inwhich the symbols are presented where two or more are givenfor an individual term. The applicable units are indicated bycapital letters,
18、 as follows:DDimensionlessFForce, such as pound-force, ton-force, newtonLLength, such as inch, foot, millimeter, and meter3MMass, such as kilogram, gramTTime, such as second, minute3.3.1 Positive exponents designate multiples in the numera-tor. Negative exponents designate multiples in the denomina-
19、tor. Degrees of angle are indicated as “degrees.”3.3.2 Expressing the units either in SI or the inch-poundsystem has been purposely omitted in order to leave the choiceof the system and specific unit to the engineer and theparticular application, for example:FL2may be expressed in pounds-force per s
20、quare inch,kilopascals, tons per square foot, etc.LT1may be expressed in feet per minute, meters persecond, etc.3.3.3 Where synonymous terms are cross-referenced, thedefinition is usually included with the earlier term alphabeti-cally. Where this is not the case, the later term is the moresignifican
21、t.3.3.4 Definitions marked with (ISRM) are included for theconvenience of the user and were taken directly from theInternational Society for Rock Mechanics (see X1.3).3.3.5 See Appendixes for References (X1) and Symbols(X2).4. TerminologyAASHTO compactionsee compaction test.“A” Horizonsee horizon.ab
22、rasiona rubbing and wearing away. (ISRM)abrasionthe mechanical wearing, grinding, scraping or rub-bing away (or down) of rock surfaces by friction or impact,or both.abrasiveany rock, mineral, or other substance that, owing toits superior hardness, toughness, consistency, or other prop-erties, is sui
23、table for grinding, cutting, polishing, scouring,or similar use.abrasivenessthe property of a material to remove matterwhen scratching and grinding another material. (ISRM)absorbed waterin soil and rock, water held mechanically ina soil or rock mass and having physical properties notsubstantially di
24、fferent from ordinary water at the sametemperature and pressure.DISCUSSIONSee adsorbed water.absorptionthe assimilation of fluids into interstices.absorption lossthat part of transmitted energy (mechanical)lost due to dissipation or conversion into other forms (heat,etc.).acceleratorin grouting, a m
25、aterial that increases the rate atwhich chemical reactions would otherwise occur.activatorin grouting, a material that causes a catalyst tobegin its function.active earth pressuresee earth pressure.active state of plastic equilibriumsee plastic equilibrium.activity number (A)in cohesive soils, the r
26、atio of (1) theplasticity index of a soil to (2) the percent by mass ofparticles having an equivalent diameter smaller than 2 m.D 4318additivein grouting, any material other than the basiccomponents of a grout system.adhesionin soils, shearing resistance between soil and an-other material under zero
27、 externally applied pressure.Symbol UnitUnit Adhesion caFL2Total Adhesion CaForFL1adhesionshearing resistance between two unlike materialsunder zero externally applied pressure.admixturea material other than water, aggregates, or cemen-titious material, used as a grout ingredient for cement-basedgro
28、uts.adsorbed waterin soil and rock, water in a soil or rock massattracted to the particle surfaces by physiochemical forces,having properties that may differ from those of pore water atthe same temperature and pressure due to altered molecularar-rangement; adsorbed water does not include water that
29、ischemically combined within the clay minerals.DISCUSSIONSee absorbed water.adsorptionin soils, the attachment of water molecules orions to the surfaces of soil particles.advancing slope groutingin grouting, a method of groutingby which the front of a mass of grout is caused to movehorizontally by u
30、se of a suitable grout injection sequence.aeolian depositswind-deposited material such as dune sandsand loess deposits.aggregateas a grouting material, relatively inert granularmineral material, such as sand, gravel, slag, crushed stone,etc. “Fine aggregate” is material that will pass a No. 4(6.4-mm
31、) screen,“Coarse aggregate” is material that will not pass a No. 4(6.4-mm) screen.Aggregate is mixed with a cementing agent(such as Portland cement and water) to form a groutmaterial.agitator tankin grouting/slurries, a tank, usually verticaland with open top, with rotation paddles used to preventse
32、gregation of grout after mixing.air-space ratio,Ga(D)ratio of: (1) volume of water that canbe drained from a saturated soil or rock under the action offorce of gravity, to (2) total volume of voids.air-void ratio, Gv(D)the ratio of: (1) the volume of airspace, to (2) the total volume of voids in a s
33、oil or rock mass.3In accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10, the alternate spelling for meter, liter,and deka, may be metre, litre, and deca.D 653 07d2alkali aggregate reactionin grouting, a chemical reactionbetween Na2O and K2O in the cement and certain silicateminerals in the cement and certain silicate
34、minerals in theaggregate, which causes expansion resulting in weakeningand cracking of Portland cement grout.DISCUSSIONSee reactive aggregate.allowable bearing value (allowable soil pressure), qa,pa(FL2)the maximum pressure that can be permitted onfoundation soil, giving consideration to all pertine
35、nt factors,with adequate safety against rupture of the soil mass ormovement of the foundation of such magnitude that thestructure is impaired.allowable pile bearing load, Qa,Pa(F)the maximum loadthat can be permitted on a pile with adequate safety againstmovement of such magnitude that the structure
36、 is endan-gered.alluviumsoil, the constituents of which have been trans-ported in suspension by flowing water and subsequentlydeposited by sedimentation.amplification factorratio of dynamic to static displacement.amorphous peatsee sapric peat.angle of external friction (angle of wall friction), d(de
37、grees)angle between the abscissa and the tangent of thecurve representing the relationship of shearing resistance tonormal stress acting between soil and surface of anothermaterial.angle of friction (angle of friction between solid bodies), fs (degrees)angle whose tangent is the ratio between themax
38、imum value of shear stress that resists slippage betweentwo solid bodies at rest with respect to each other, and thenormal stress across the contact surfaces.angle of internal friction (angle of shear resistance), f(degrees)angle between the axis of normal stress and thetangent to the Mohr envelope
39、at a point representing a givenfailure-stress condition for solid material.angle of obliquity, a, b, f, C (degrees)the angle betweenthe direction of the resultant stress or force acting on a givenplane and the normal to that plane.angle of repose, a (degrees)angle between the horizontaland the maxim
40、um slope that a soil assumes through naturalprocesses.DISCUSSIONFor dry granular soils the effect of the height of slope isnegligible; for cohesive soils the effect of height of slope is so great thatthe angle of repose is meaningless.angle of shear resistancesee angle of internal friction.angle of
41、wall frictionsee angle of external friction.angular aggregateaggregate, the particles of which possesswell-defined edges formed at the intersection of roughlyplanar faces.anisotropic massa mass having different properties in dif-ferent directions at any given point.anisotropyhaving different propert
42、ies in different directions.(ISRM)annual space; annulusin borings, the space between twoconcentric tubes or casings, or between the casing and theborehole wall.DISCUSSIONThis would include the space(s) between multiplestrings of tubing/casings in a borehole installed either concentrically ormulti-ca
43、sed adjacent to each other. D 5092apparent cohesionsee cohesion.aquicludein ground water, a relatively impervious formationcapable of absorbing water slowly but will not transmit itfast enough to furnish an appreciable supply for a well orspring.aquiferin geohydrology/hydrogeology, a geologic forma-
44、tion, group of formations, of part of a formation that issaturated and is capable of providing a significant quantity ofwater. D 5092aquifer, confinedsee confined aquifer.aquifer, unconfinedsee unconfined aquifer.aquitarda confining bed that retards but does not prevent theflow of water to or from a
45、n adjacent aquifer; a leakyconfining bed.archingthe transfer of stress from a yielding part of a soil orrock mass to adjoining less-yielding or restrained parts of themass.area groutinggrouting a shallow zone in a particular areautilizing holes arranged in a pattern or grid.DISCUSSIONThis type of gr
46、outing is sometimes referred to asblanket or consolidation grouting.area of influence of a well, a (L2)area surrounding a wellwithin which the piezometric surface has been lowered whenpumping has produced the maximum steady rate of flow.area ratio of a sampling spoon, sampler, or sampling tube,Ar(D)
47、the area ratio is an indication of the volume of soildisplaced by the sampling spoon (tube), calculated as fol-lows:Ar5 De22 Di2/Di2# 3 100 (1)where:De= maximum external diameter of the samplingspoon, andDi= minimum internal diameter of the sampling spoonat the cutting edge.armorthe artificial surfa
48、cing of bed, banks, shore, or em-bankment to resist erosion or scour.armor stone(generally one ton to three tons in weight) stoneresulting from blasting, cutting, or by other methods toobtain rock heavy enough to require handling two individualpieces by mechanical means.articulating concrete block (
49、ACB) revetment system , ninerosion control, a matrix of interconnected concrete blockunits for erosion protection that are typically connected bygeometric interlock, cables, ropes, geotextile, geogrids orcombination thereof, and typically including a geotextileunderlayment.artifactual turbidityin monitoring wells, particulate matterthat is not naturally mobile in the ground-water system andthat is produced in some way by the ground-water samplingprocess. May consist of particles introduced to the subsur-fac
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