1、Designation: D653 11Standard Terminology Relating toSoil, Rock, and Contained Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D653; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in p
2、arentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.These definitions were prepared jointly by the American Society of Civil Engi
3、neers and the American Society for Testing and Materials.1. Scope*1.1 These definitions apply to many terms found in theTerminology section of standards of ASTM Committee D18.1.2 This terminology standard defines terms related to soil,rock, and contained fluids found in the various sections ofstanda
4、rds under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18.1.3 Definitions of terms relating to frozen soils are con-tained in Terminology D7099.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C150 Specification for Portland CementC802 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Test Pro-gram to Determine the Preci
5、sion of Test Methods forConstruction MaterialsD558 Test Methods for Moisture-Density (Unit Weight)Relations of Soil-Cement MixturesD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil S
6、olids byWater PycnometerD1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of Soils Using Incremental LoadingD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Enginee
7、ringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method inDetermining Hydraulic Properties by Well TechniquesD4044 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for InstantaneousChange in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining HydraulicProperties of AquifersD4050 Test Method
8、 for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawaland Injection Well Tests for Determining Hydraulic Prop-erties of Aquifer SystemsD4104 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for DeterminingTransmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by Over-damped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head(Slug Tests)D4105 Tes
9、t Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Deter-mining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Non-leaky Confined Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequi-librium MethodD4106 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Deter-mining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Non-leaky Confined Aquifers b
10、y the Theis NonequilibriumMethodD4186 Test Method for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of Saturated Cohesive Soils Using Controlled-Strain LoadingD4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and UnitWe
11、ight of Soils and Calculation of Relative DensityD4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell)3D4943 Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soils by theWax Met
12、hodD5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a FlexibleWall PermeameterD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste Sites1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soiland Rock and is the direct r
13、esponsibility of Subcommittee D18.93 on Terminologyfor Soil, Rock and Contained Fluids.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. Originallyapproved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D65309. DOI:10.1520/D0653-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM we
14、bsite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1*A Summary of
15、Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground WaterMonitoring WellsD5269 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity ofNonleaky
16、Confined Aquifers by the Theis RecoveryMethodD5270 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, ConfinedAqui-fersD5878 Guides for Using Rock-Mass Classification Systemsfor Engineering PurposesD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataD6
17、028 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for DeterminingHydraulic Properties of a Confined Aquifer Taking intoConsideration Storage of Water in Leaky Confining Bedsby Modified Hantush MethodD6029 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for DeterminingHydraulic Properties of a Confined Aquifer and a LeakyCo
18、nfining Bed with Negligible Storage by the Hantush-Jacob MethodD6312 Guide for Developing Appropriate Statistical Ap-proaches for Ground-Water Detection Monitoring Pro-gramsD6910/D6910M Test Method for Marsh Funnel Viscosityof Clay Construction SlurriesD6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distributi
19、on (Grada-tion) of Soils Using Sieve AnalysisD7099 Terminology Relating to Frozen Soil and RockD7382 Test Methods for Determination of Maximum DryUnit Weight and Water Content Range for EffectiveCompaction of Granular Soils Using a Vibrating HammerE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Stud
20、y toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Significance and Use3.1 Definitions in this standard are to be regarded as thecorrect ones for terms found in other ASTM standards ofCommittee D18. Certain terms may be found in more than onestandard issued under the jurisdiction of this committee andma
21、ny of these terms have been placed in this standard.3.2 Terms that are defined in some textbooks may differslightly from those in this terminology standard. Definitions inthis terminology standard are to be regarded as correct forASTM usage.3.3 See Appendix X1 for References.3.4 Definitions marked w
22、ith (ISRM) are included for theconvenience of the user and were taken directly from theInternational Society for Rock Mechanics (see X1.3).3.5 A number of the definitions include symbols. Thesymbols appear in italics immediately after the name of theterm.3.5.1 No significance should be placed on the
23、 order in whichthe symbols are presented where two or more are given for anindividual term.3.5.2 The symbols presented are examples; therefore, othersymbols are acceptable.3.5.3 See Appendix X2 for ISRM Symbols.3.6 A number of definitions indicate the units of measure-ments in brackets and which fol
24、low the symbol(s) if given. Theapplicable units are indicated by italic capital letters, asfollows:DDimensionlessFForce, such as pound-force, ton-force, newtonLLength, such as inch, foot, millimeter, and meter4MMass, such as kilogram, gramTTime, such as second, minute3.6.1 Positive exponents designa
25、te multiples in the numera-tor. Negative exponents designate multiples in the denomina-tor. Degrees of angle are indicated as “degrees.”3.6.2 Expressing the units either in SI or the inch-poundsystem has been purposely omitted in order to leave the choiceof the system and specific unit to the engine
26、er and theparticular application, for example:FL2may be expressed in pounds-force per square inch,kilopascals, tons per square foot, etc.LT1may be expressed in feet per minute, meters persecond, etc.3.7 Where synonymous terms are cross-referenced, thedefinition is usually included with the earlier t
27、erm alphabeti-cally. Where this is not the case, the later term is the moresignificant.3.8 Grouping of Definitions and Listing of RelatedTermsTo aide users in finding terms, this terminologystandard provides grouping of definitions and listing of relatedterms.3.8.1 GroupingsSome of these groupings o
28、f definitionsare consolidation, density, head, measurement, unit weight, andspecific gravity.3.8.2 Listings (see Appendix X3)The listing of relatedterms might be headed by such items as aquifer, compaction,density, gradation, index, specific gravity, and unit weight.4. TerminologyAASHTO compactionse
29、e compaction test in compaction(grouping).“A” Horizonsee horizon.abrasiona rubbing and wearing away. (ISRM)abrasionthe mechanical wearing, grinding, scraping or rub-bing away (or down) of rock surfaces by friction or impact,or both.abrasiveany rock, mineral, or other substance that, owing toits supe
30、rior hardness, toughness, consistency, or other prop-erties, is suitable for grinding, cutting, polishing, scouring,or similar use.abrasivenessthe property of a material to remove matterwhen scratching and grinding another material. (ISRM)absorbed waterin soil and rock, water held mechanically ina s
31、oil or rock mass and having physical properties notsubstantially different from ordinary water at the sametemperature and pressure.DISCUSSIONSee adsorbed water.absorptionthe assimilation of fluids into interstices.absorption lossthat part of transmitted energy (mechanical)4In accordance with IEEE/AS
32、TM SI 10, the alternate spelling for meter, liter,and deka, may be metre, litre, and deca.D653 112lost due to dissipation or conversion into other forms (heat,etc.).acceleratorin grouting, a material that increases the rate atwhich chemical reactions would otherwise occur.activatorin grouting, a mat
33、erial that causes a catalyst tobegin its function.active earth pressuresee earth pressure.active state of plastic equilibriumsee plastic equilibrium.activity number, Ain cohesive soils, the ratio of (1) theplasticity index of a soil to (2) the percent by mass ofparticles having an equivalent diamete
34、r smaller than 2 m.D4318additivein grouting, any material other than the basiccomponents of a grout system.adhesionin soils, shearing resistance between soil and an-other material under zero externally applied pressure.Symbol UnitUnit Adhesion caFL2Total Adhesion CaForFL1adhesionshearing resistance
35、between two unlike materialsunder zero externally applied pressure.admixturea material other than water, aggregates, or cemen-titious material, used as a grout ingredient for cement-basedgrouts.adsorbed waterin soil and rock, water in a soil or rock massattracted to the particle surfaces by physioch
36、emical forces,having properties that may differ from those of pore water atthe same temperature and pressure due to altered molecularar-rangement; adsorbed water does not include water that ischemically combined within the clay minerals.DISCUSSIONSee absorbed water.adsorptionin soils, the attachment
37、 of water molecules orions to the surfaces of soil particles.advancing slope groutingin grouting, a method of groutingby which the front of a mass of grout is caused to movehorizontally by use of a suitable grout injection sequence.aeolian depositswind-deposited material such as dune sandsand loess
38、deposits.aggregateas a grouting material, relatively inert granularmineral material, such as sand, gravel, slag, crushed stone,etc. “Fine aggregate” is material that will pass a No. 42.75-mm screen, “Coarse aggregate” is material that willnot pass a No. 4 2.75-mm screen. Aggregate is mixed witha cem
39、enting agent (such as Portland cement and water) toform a grout material.agitator tankin grouting/slurries, a tank, usually verticaland with open top, with rotation paddles used to preventsegregation of grout after mixing.air-space ratio, GaDratio of: (1) volume of water that canbe drained from a sa
40、turated soil or rock under the action offorce of gravity, to (2) total volume of voids.air-void ratio, GvDthe ratio of: (1) the volume of airspace, to (2) the total volume of voids in a soil or rock mass.alkali aggregate reactionin grouting, a chemical reactionbetween Na2O and K2O in the cement and
41、certain silicateminerals in the cement and certain silicate minerals in theaggregate, which causes expansion resulting in weakeningand cracking of Portland cement grout.DISCUSSIONSee reactive aggregate.allowable bearing value (allowable soil pressure), qa,paFL2 the maximum pressure that can be permi
42、tted onfoundation soil, giving consideration to all pertinent factors,with adequate safety against rupture of the soil mass ormovement of the foundation of such magnitude that thestructure is impaired.allowable pile bearing load, Qa,PaFthe maximum loadthat can be permitted on a pile with adequate sa
43、fety againstmovement of such magnitude that the structure is endan-gered.alluviumsoil, the constituents of which have been trans-ported in suspension by flowing water and subsequentlydeposited by sedimentation.amplification factorratio of dynamic to static displacement.amorphous peatsee sapric peat.
44、angle of external friction (angle of wall friction), d(degrees)angle between the abscissa and the tangent of thecurve representing the relationship of shearing resistance tonormal stress acting between soil and surface of anothermaterial.angle of friction (angle of friction between solid bodies), fs
45、 (degrees)angle whose tangent is the ratio between themaximum value of shear stress that resists slippage betweentwo solid bodies at rest with respect to each other, and thenormal stress across the contact surfaces.angle of internal friction (angle of shear resistance), f(degrees)angle between the a
46、xis of normal stress and thetangent to the Mohr envelope at a point representing a givenfailure-stress condition for solid material.angle of obliquity, a, b, f, C (degrees)the angle betweenthe direction of the resultant stress or force acting on a givenplane and the normal to that plane.angle of rep
47、ose, a (degrees)angle between the horizontaland the maximum slope that a soil assumes through naturalprocesses.DISCUSSIONFor dry granular soils the effect of the height of slope isnegligible; for cohesive soils the effect of height of slope is so great thatthe angle of repose is meaningless.angle of
48、 shear resistancesee angle of internal friction.angle of wall frictionsee angle of external friction.angular aggregateaggregate, the particles of which possesswell-defined edges formed at the intersection of roughlyplanar faces.anisotropic massa mass having different properties in dif-ferent directi
49、ons at any given point.anisotropyhaving different properties in different directions.(ISRM)annual space; annulusin borings, the space between twoconcentric tubes or casings, or between the casing and theborehole wall.DISCUSSIONThis would include the space(s) between multiplestrings of tubing/casings in a borehole installed either concentrically ormulti-cased adjacent to each other. D5092apparent cohesionsee cohesion, apparent.aquicludein groundwater, a relatively impervious formationcapable of absorbing w
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