ASTM D653-2014 Standard Terminology Relating to Soil Rock and Contained Fluids《有关土壤 岩石和其内部所含液体的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: D653 11D653 14Standard Terminology Relating toSoil, Rock, and Contained Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D653; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb

2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.These definitions were prepared jointly by the American Society o

3、f Civil Engineers and the American Society for Testing andMaterials.1. Scope*1.1 These definitions apply to many terms found in the Terminology section of standards of ASTM Committee D18.1.2 This terminology standard defines terms related to soil, rock, and contained fluids found in the various sect

4、ions of standardsunder the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18.1.3 Definitions of terms relating to frozen soils are contained in Terminology D7099.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C150 Specification for Portland CementC802 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Test Program to Determin

5、e the Precision of Test Methods for ConstructionMaterialsD558 Test Methods for Moisture-Density (Unit Weight) Relations of Soil-Cement MixturesD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)D854 Test Methods for Specific Grav

6、ity of Soil Solids by Water PycnometerD1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700kN-m/m3)D1883 Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of Laboratory-Compacted SoilsD2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation Pro

7、perties of Soils Using Incremental LoadingD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well TechniquesD4044 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Instant

8、aneous Change in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining Hydraulic Propertiesof AquifersD4050 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Testing for Determining Hydraulic Properties ofAquifer SystemsD4104 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleak

9、y Confined Aquifers by OverdampedWell Response to Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug Tests)D4105 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky ConfinedAquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequilibrium MethodD4106 Test Method for (Analytical Pro

10、cedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky ConfinedAquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium MethodD4186 Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Saturated Cohesive Soils Using Controlled-StrainLoadingD4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit

11、 Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative DensityD4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil

12、 and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.93 on Terminology for Soil,Rock and Contained Fluids.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011Aug. 1, 2014. Published December 2011September 2014. Originally approved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 20092011as D65309.11. DOI: 10.

13、1520/D0653-11.10.1520/D0653-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM s

14、tandard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all c

15、ases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4429 Test Me

16、thod for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of Soils in PlaceD4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation Well)(Withdrawn 2010)3D4943 Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soils by the Wax MethodD5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Co

17、nductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible WallPermeameterD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste SitesD5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring WellsD5269 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers b

18、y the Theis Recovery MethodD5270 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, Confined AquifersD5878 Guides for Using Rock-Mass Classification Systems for Engineering PurposesD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataD6028 Test Method

19、 (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Hydraulic Properties of a Confined Aquifer Taking intoConsideration Storage of Water in Leaky Confining Beds by Modified Hantush MethodD6029 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Hydraulic Properties of a Confined Aquifer and a Leaky ConfiningBed

20、with Negligible Storage by the Hantush-Jacob MethodD6312 Guide for Developing Appropriate Statistical Approaches for Groundwater Detection Monitoring ProgramsD6910/D6910M Test Method for Marsh Funnel Viscosity of Clay Construction SlurriesD6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation)

21、 of Soils Using Sieve AnalysisD7099 Terminology Relating to Frozen Soil and RockD7382 Test Methods for Determination of Maximum Dry Unit Weight and Water Content Range for Effective Compaction ofGranular Soils Using a Vibrating HammerE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine

22、 the Precision of a Test Method3. Significance and Use3.1 Definitions in this standard are to be regarded as the correct ones for terms found in other ASTM standards of CommitteeD18. Certain terms may be found in more than one standard issued under the jurisdiction of this committee and many of thes

23、e termshave been placed in this standard.3.2 Terms that are defined in some textbooks may differ slightly from those in this terminology standard. Definitions in thisterminology standard are to be regarded as correct for ASTM usage.3.3 See Appendix X1 for References.3.4 Definitions marked with (ISRM

24、) are included for the convenience of the user and were taken directly from the InternationalSociety for Rock Mechanics (see X1.3).3.5 A number of the definitions include symbols. The symbols appear in italics immediately after the name of the term.3.5.1 No significance should be placed on the order

25、 in which the symbols are presented where two or more are given for anindividual term.3.5.2 The symbols presented are examples; therefore, other symbols are acceptable.3.5.3 See Appendix X2 for ISRM Symbols.3.6 A number of definitions indicate the units of measurements in brackets and which follow t

26、he symbol(s) if given. Theapplicable units are indicated by italic capital letters, as follows:DDimensionlessFForce, such as pound-force, ton-force, newtonLLength, such as inch, foot, millimeter, and meter4MMass, such as kilogram, gramTTime, such as second, minute3.6.1 Positive exponents designate m

27、ultiples in the numerator. Negative exponents designate multiples in the denominator.Degrees of angle are indicated as “degrees.”3.6.2 Expressing the units either in SI or the inch-pound system has been purposely omitted in order to leave the choice of thesystem and specific unit to the engineer and

28、 the particular application, for example:FL2may be expressed in pounds-force per square inch, kilopascals, tons per square foot, etc.LT1may be expressed in feet per minute, meters per second, etc.3.7 Where synonymous terms are cross-referenced, the definition is usually included with the earlier ter

29、m alphabetically. Wherethis is not the case, the later term is the more significant.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 In accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10, the alternate spelling for meter, liter, and deka, may be metre, litre, and deca.D653 1423.8

30、 Grouping of Definitions and Listing of Related TermsTo aide users in finding terms, this terminology standard providesgrouping of definitions and listing of related terms.3.8.1 GroupingsSome of these groupings of definitions are consolidation,density density, , head,measurement,unit weight, andspec

31、ific gravity.3.8.2 Listings (see Appendix X3)The listing of related terms might be headed by such items as aquifer aquifer, ,compaction,density,gradation,index,specific gravity, and unit weight.4. TerminologyAASHTO compactionsee compaction test in compaction (grouping).“A” Horizonsee horizon.abrasio

32、na rubbing and wearing away. (ISRM)abrasionthe mechanical wearing, grinding, scraping or rubbing away (or down) of rock surfaces by friction or impact, or both.abrasiveany rock, mineral, or other substance that, owing to its superior hardness, toughness, consistency, or other properties,is suitable

33、for grinding, cutting, polishing, scouring, or similar use.abrasivenessthe property of a material to remove matter when scratching and grinding another material. (ISRM)absorbed waterin soil and rock, water held mechanically in a soil or rock mass and having physical properties not substantiallydiffe

34、rent from ordinary water at the same temperature and pressure.DISCUSSIONSee adsorbed water.absorptionthe assimilation of fluids into interstices.absorption lossthat part of transmitted energy (mechanical) lost due to dissipation or conversion into other forms (heat, etc.).acceleratorin grouting, a m

35、aterial that increases the rate at which chemical reactions would otherwise occur.accuracysee same in measurement (grouping).activatorin grouting, a material that causes a catalyst to begin its function.active earth pressuresee earth pressure.active state of plastic equilibriumsee plastic equilibriu

36、m.activity number, Ain cohesive soils, the ratio of (1) the plasticity index of a soil to (2) the percent by mass of particles havingan equivalent diameter smaller than 2 m. D4318additivein grouting, any material other than the basic components of a grout system.adhesionin soils, shearing resistance

37、 between soil and another material under zero externally applied pressure.Symbol UnitUnit Adhesion ca FL2Total Adhesion Ca F or FL1adhesionshearing resistance between two unlike materials under zero externally applied pressure.admixturea material other than water, aggregates, or cementitious materia

38、l, used as a grout ingredient for cement-based grouts.adsorbed waterin soil and rock, water in a soil or rock mass attracted to the particle surfaces by physiochemical forces, havingproperties that may differ from those of pore water at the same temperature and pressure due to altered molecular ar-r

39、angement;adsorbed water does not include water that is chemically combined within the clay minerals.DISCUSSIONSee absorbed water.adsorptionin soils, the attachment of water molecules or ions to the surfaces of soil particles.advancing slope groutingin grouting, a method of grouting by which the fron

40、t of a mass of grout is caused to move horizontallyby use of a suitable grout injection sequence.aeolian depositswind-deposited material such as dune sands and loess deposits.D653 143aggregateas a grouting material, relatively inert granular mineral material, such as sand, gravel, slag, crushed ston

41、e, etc. “Fineaggregate” is material that will pass a No. 4 2.75-mm4.75-mm screen, “Coarse aggregate” is material that will not pass a No.4 2.75-mm4.75-mm screen.Aggregate is mixed with a cementing agent (such as Portland cement and water) to form a groutmaterial.agitator tankin grouting/slurries, a

42、tank, usually vertical and with open top, with rotation paddles used to prevent segregationof grout after mixing.air-space ratio, Ga Dratio of: (1) volume of water that can be drained from a saturated soil or rock under the action of forceof gravity, to (2) total volume of voids.air-void ratio, Gv D

43、the ratio of: (1) the volume of air space, to (2) the total volume of voids in a soil or rock mass.alkali aggregate reactionin grouting, a chemical reaction between Na2O and K2O in the cement and certain silicate mineralsin the cement and certain silicate minerals in the aggregate, which causes expa

44、nsion resulting in weakening and cracking ofPortland cement grout.DISCUSSIONSee reactive aggregate.allowable bearing value (allowable soil pressure), qa,pa FL2the maximum pressure that can be permitted on foundationsoil, giving consideration to all pertinent factors, with adequate safety against rup

45、ture of the soil mass or movement of thefoundation of such magnitude that the structure is impaired.allowable pile bearing load, Qa,Pa Fthe maximum load that can be permitted on a pile with adequate safety againstmovement of such magnitude that the structure is endangered.DISCUSSIONSee bearing capac

46、ity (of a pile).alluviumsoil, the constituents of which have been transported in suspension by flowing water and subsequently deposited bysedimentation.amplification factorratio of dynamic to static displacement.amorphous peatsee sapric peat.angle of external friction (angle of wall friction), (degr

47、ees)angle between the abscissa and the tangent of the curverepresenting the relationship of shearing resistance to normal stress acting between soil and surface of another material.angle of friction (angle of friction between solid bodies), s (degrees)angle whose tangent is the ratio between the max

48、imumvalue of shear stress that resists slippage between two solid bodies at rest with respect to each other, and the normal stress acrossthe contact surfaces.angle of internal friction (angle of shear resistance), (degrees)angle between the axis of normal stress and the tangent tothe Mohr envelope a

49、t a point representing a given failure-stress condition for solid material.angle of obliquity, , , , (degrees)the angle between the direction of the resultant stress or force acting on a given planeand the normal to that plane.angle of repose, (degrees)angle between the horizontal and the maximum slope that a soil assumes through natural processes.DISCUSSIONFor dry granular soils the effect of the height of slope is negligible; for cohesive soils the effect of height of slope is so great tha