1、Designation: D 698 07e1Standard Test Methods forLaboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil UsingStandard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600 kN-m/m3)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 698; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.e1NOTEFigure
3、2 was editorially corrected in July 2007.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover laboratory compaction meth-ods used to determine the relationship between molding watercontent and dry unit weight of soils (compaction curve)compacted ina4or6-in. (101.6 or 152.4-mm) diameter moldwith a 5.50-lbf (24.5-N)
4、 rammer dropped from a height of 12.0in. (305 mm) producing a compactive effort of 12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600 kN-m/m3).NOTE 1The equipment and procedures are similar as those proposedby R. R. Proctor (Engineering News RecordSeptember 7, 1933) withthis one major exception: his rammer blows were applied as
5、 “12 inch firmstrokes” instead of free fall, producing variable compactive effort depend-ing on the operator, but probably in the range 15 000 to 25 000ft-lbf/ft3(700 to 1200 kN-m/m3). The standard effort test (see 3.1.3)issometimes referred to as the Proctor Test.1.1.1 Soils and soil-aggregate mixt
6、ures are to be regarded asnatural occurring fine- or coarse-grained soils, or composites ormixtures of natural soils, or mixtures of natural and processedsoils or aggregates such as gravel or crushed rock. Hereafterreferred to as either soil or material.1.2 These test methods apply only to soils (ma
7、terials) thathave 30 % or less by mass of particles retained on the34-in.(19.0-mm) sieve and have not been previously compacted inthe laboratory; that is, do not reuse compacted soil.1.2.1 For relationships between unit weights and moldingwater contents of soils with 30 % or less by mass of material
8、retained on the34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve to unit weights andmolding water contents of the fraction passing34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve, see Practice D 4718.1.3 Three alternative methods are provided. The methodused shall be as indicated in the specification for the materialbeing tested. If no method is speci
9、fied, the choice should bebased on the material gradation.1.3.1 Method A:1.3.1.1 Mold4-in. (101.6-mm) diameter.1.3.1.2 MaterialPassing No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.1.3.1.3 LayersThree.1.3.1.4 Blows per Layer25.1.3.1.5 UsageMay be used if 25 % or less (see Section1.4 ) by mass of the material is retained on
10、 the No. 4 (4.75-mm)sieve.1.3.1.6 Other UsageIf this gradation requirement cannotbe met, then Method C may be used.1.3.2 Method B:1.3.2.1 Mold4-in. (101.6-mm) diameter.1.3.2.2 MaterialPassing38-in. (9.5-mm) sieve.1.3.2.3 LayersThree.1.3.2.4 Blows per Layer25.1.3.2.5 UsageMay be used if 25 % or less
11、(see Section1.4 ) by mass of the material is retained on the38-in. (9.5-mm)sieve.1.3.2.6 Other UsageIf this gradation requirement cannotbe met, then Method C may be used.1.3.3 Method C:1.3.3.1 Mold6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter.1.3.3.2 MaterialPassing34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve.1.3.3.3 LayersThree.1.3.3.4 Blo
12、ws per Layer56.1.3.3.5 UsageMay be used if 30 % or less (see Section1.4 ) by mass of the material is retained on the34-in. (19.0-mm)sieve.1.3.4 The 6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter mold shall not be usedwith Method A or B.NOTE 2Results have been found to vary slightly when a material istested at the same c
13、ompactive effort in different size molds, with thesmaller mold size typically yielding larger values of density/unit weight(1, pp. 21+).21.4 If the test specimen contains more than 5 % by mass ofoversize fraction (coarse fraction) and the material will not beincluded in the test, corrections must be
14、 made to the unit mass1These Test Methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 onSoil and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture,Plasticity and Density Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved April 15, 2007. Published July 2007. Originallyappro
15、ved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 698 00ae1.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
16、 Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and molding water content of the specimen or to the appropri-ate field-in-place density test specimen using Practice D 4718.1.5 This test method will generally produce a well-definedmaximum dry unit weight for non-free draining soils. If thistest method is
17、 used for free-draining soils the maximum unitweight may not be well defined, and can be less than obtainedusing Test Methods D 4253.1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D 6026, unless superseded by this stan
18、dard.1.6.1 For purposes of comparing measured or calculatedvalue(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculatedvalue(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significantdigits in the specified limits.1.6.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in th
19、is standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users obj
20、ectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to consider significant digits used in analyticalmethods for engineering design.1.7 The values in inch-pound units are to be
21、 regarded as thestandard. The values stated in SI units are provided forinformation only, except for units of mass. The units for massare given in SI units only, g or kg.1.7.1 It is common practice in the engineering profession toconcurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm)and a fo
22、rce (lbf). This implicitly combines two separatesystems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravita-tional system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the useof two separate sets of inch-pound units within a singlestandard. This standard has been written using the gravitationalsys
23、tem of units when dealing with the inch-pound system. Inthis system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight).However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds ofmass (lbm) or the recording of density in lbm/ft3shall not beregarded as a nonconformance with this standard.1.8 This sta
24、ndard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1
25、ASTM Standards:3C 127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC 136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregatesD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
26、Water PycnometerD 2168 Test Methods for Calibration of LaboratoryMechanical-Rammer Soil CompactorsD 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification Sys
27、tem)D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rockas Used in Engineering Design and ConstructionD 4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and UnitWe
28、ight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD 4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and WaterContent for Soils Containing Oversize ParticlesD 4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD 4914 Test Methods fo
29、r Density of Soil and Rock in Placeby the Sand Replacement Method in a Test PitD 5030 Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock in Placeby the Water Replacement Method in a Test PitD 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal DataD 6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gr
30、ada-tion) of Soils Using Sieve AnalysisE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesE 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodIEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard fo
31、r Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI): the Modern Metric System3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee Terminology D 653 for general defini-tions.3.1.1 molding water content, nthe adjusted water contentof a soil (material) that will be compacted/reconstituted.3.1.2 standard effortin compaction tes
32、ting, the term forthe 12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600 kN-m/m3) compactive effort appliedby the equipment and methods of this test.3.1.3 standard maximum dry unit weight, gd,maxin lbf/ft3(kN/m3)in compaction testing, the maximum value de-fined by the compaction curve for a compaction test usingstandard effort.
33、3.1.4 standard optimum water content, woptin %in com-paction testing, the molding water content at which a soil canbe compacted to the maximum dry unit weight using standardcompactive effort.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 oversize fraction (coarse fraction), PCin %the por-t
34、ion of total specimen not used in performing the compactiontest; it may be the portion of total specimen retained on the No.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, r
35、efer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D69807e124 (4.75-mm) sieve in Method A,38-in. (9.5-mm) sieve inMethod B, or34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve in Method C.3.2.2 test fraction (finer fraction), PFin %the portion ofthe total specimen used in performing the compaction test; it isthe f
36、raction passing the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve in Method A,passing the38-in. (9.5-mm) sieve in Method B, or passing the34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve in Method C.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A soil at a selected molding water content is placed inthree layers into a mold of given dimensions, with each layercompac
37、ted by 25 or 56 blows of a 5.50-lbf (24.47-N) rammerdropped from a distance of 12.00 in. (304.8 mm), subjectingthe soil to a total compactive effort of about 12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600 kN-m/m3). The resulting dry unit weight is deter-mined. The procedure is repeated for a sufficient number ofmolding wate
38、r contents to establish a relationship between thedry unit weight and the molding water content for the soil. Thisdata, when plotted, represents a curvilinear relationship knownas the compaction curve. The values of optimum water contentand standard maximum dry unit weight are determined fromthe com
39、paction curve.5. Significance and Use5.1 Soil placed as engineering fill (embankments, founda-tion pads, road bases) is compacted to a dense state to obtainsatisfactory engineering properties such as, shear strength,compressibility, or permeability. In addition, foundation soilsare often compacted t
40、o improve their engineering properties.Laboratory compaction tests provide the basis for determiningthe percent compaction and molding water content needed toachieve the required engineering properties, and for controllingconstruction to assure that the required compaction and watercontents are achi
41、eved.5.2 During design of an engineered fill, shear, consolidation,permeability, or other tests require preparation of test speci-mens by compacting at some molding water content to someunit weight. It is common practice to first determine theoptimum water content (wopt) and maximum dry unit weight(
42、gd,max) by means of a compaction test. Test specimens arecompacted at a selected molding water content (w), either wetor dry of optimum (wopt) or at optimum (wopt), and at a selecteddry unit weight related to a percentage of maximum dry unitweight (gd,max). The selection of molding water content (w)
43、,either wet or dry of optimum (wopt) or at optimum (wopt) andthe dry unit weight (gd,max) may be based on past experience,or a range of values may be investigated to determine thenecessary percent of compaction.5.3 Experience indicates that the methods outlined in 5.2 orthe construction control aspe
44、cts discussed in 5.1 are extremelydifficult to implement or yield erroneous results when dealingwith certain soils. 5.3.1-5.3.3 describe typical problem soils,the problems encountered when dealing with such soils andpossible solutions for these problems.5.3.1 Oversize FractionSoils containing more t
45、han 30 %oversize fraction (material retained on the34-in. (19-mm)sieve) are a problem. For such soils, there is no ASTM testmethod to control their compaction and very few laboratoriesare equipped to determine the laboratory maximum unit weight(density) of such soils (USDI Bureau of Reclamation, Den
46、ver,CO and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS).Although Test Methods D 4914 and D 5030 determine the“field” dry unit weight of such soils, they are difficult andexpensive to perform.5.3.1.1 One method to design and control the compaction ofsuch soils is to use a test fill to determine the r
47、equired degreeof compaction and the method to obtain that compaction,followed by use of a method specification to control thecompaction. Components of a method specification typicallycontain the type and size of compaction equipment to be used,the lift thickness, acceptable range in molding water co
48、ntent,and the number of passes.NOTE 3Success in executing the compaction control of an earthworkproject, especially when a method specification is used, is highlydependent upon the quality and experience of the contractor and inspector.5.3.1.2 Another method is to apply the use of densitycorrection
49、factors developed by the USDI Bureau of Reclama-tion (2,3) and U.S. Corps of Engineers (4). These correctionfactors may be applied for soils containing up to about 50 to70 % oversize fraction. Each agency uses a different term forthese density correction factors. The USDI Bureau of Recla-mation uses D ratio (or DVALUE), while the U.S. Corps ofEngineers uses Density Interference Coefficient (Ic).5.3.1.3 The use of the replacement technique (Test MethodD 69878, Method D), in which the oversize fraction isreplaced with a finer fraction, is in
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