1、Designation: D698 121Standard Test Methods forLaboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil UsingStandard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600 kN-m/m3)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D698; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTEEditori
3、al corrections made throughout in January 2014.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover laboratory compaction meth-ods used to determine the relationship between molding watercontent and dry unit weight of soils (compaction curve)compacted ina4or6-in. (101.6 or 152.4-mm) diameter moldwith a 5.50-lbf (2
4、4.5-N) rammer dropped from a height of 12.0in. (305 mm) producing a compactive effort of 12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600 kN-m/m3).NOTE 1The equipment and procedures are similar as those proposedby R. R. Proctor (Engineering News RecordSeptember 7, 1933) withthis one major exception: his rammer blows were appl
5、ied as “12 inch firmstrokes” instead of free fall, producing variable compactive effort depend-ing on the operator, but probably in the range 15 000 to 25 000ft-lbf/ft3(700 to 1200 kN-m/m3). The standard effort test (see 3.1.4)issometimes referred to as the Proctor Test.1.1.1 Soils and soil-aggregat
6、e mixtures are to be regarded asnatural occurring fine- or coarse-grained soils, or composites ormixtures of natural soils, or mixtures of natural and processedsoils or aggregates such as gravel or crushed rock. Hereafterreferred to as either soil or material.1.2 These test methods apply only to soi
7、ls (materials) thathave 30 % or less by mass of particles retained on the34-in.(19.0-mm) sieve and have not been previously compacted inthe laboratory; that is, do not reuse compacted soil.1.2.1 For relationships between unit weights and moldingwater contents of soils with 30 % or less by mass of ma
8、terialretained on the34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve to unit weights andmolding water contents of the fraction passing34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve, see Practice D4718.1.3 Three alternative methods are provided. The methodused shall be as indicated in the specification for the materialbeing tested. If no method is
9、specified, the choice should bebased on the material gradation.1.3.1 Method A:1.3.1.1 Mold4-in. (101.6-mm) diameter.1.3.1.2 MaterialPassing No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.1.3.1.3 LayersThree.1.3.1.4 Blows per Layer25.1.3.1.5 UsageMay be used if 25 % or less (see 1.4)bymass of the material is retained on the
10、No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve.1.3.1.6 Other UsageIf this gradation requirement cannotbe met, then Method C may be used.1.3.2 Method B:1.3.2.1 Mold4-in. (101.6-mm) diameter.1.3.2.2 MaterialPassing38-in. (9.5-mm) sieve.1.3.2.3 LayersThree.1.3.2.4 Blows per Layer25.1.3.2.5 UsageMay be used if 25 % or less (see
11、 1.4)bymass of the material is retained on the38-in. (9.5-mm) sieve.1.3.2.6 Other UsageIf this gradation requirement cannotbe met, then Method C may be used.1.3.3 Method C:1.3.3.1 Mold6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter.1.3.3.2 MaterialPassing34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve.1.3.3.3 LayersThree.1.3.3.4 Blows per Layer5
12、6.1.3.3.5 UsageMay be used if 30 % or less (see 1.4)bymass of the material is retained on the34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve.1.3.4 The 6-in. (152.4-mm) diameter mold shall not be usedwith Method A or B.NOTE 2Results have been found to vary slightly when a material istested at the same compactive effort in di
13、fferent size molds, with thesmaller mold size typically yielding larger values of density/unit weight(1, pp. 21+).21.4 If the test specimen contains more than 5 % by mass ofoversize fraction (coarse fraction) and the material will not beincluded in the test, corrections must be made to the unit mass
14、and molding water content of the specimen or to the appropri-ate field-in-place density test specimen using Practice D4718.1These Test Methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 onSoil and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture,Plasticity and Density C
15、haracteristics of Soils.Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published June 2012. Originallyapproved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D698 071. DOI:10.1520/D0698-12E01.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.*A Summary of Cha
16、nges section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.5 This test method will generally produce a well-definedmaximum dry unit weight for non-free draining soils. If thistest method is used
17、for free-draining soils the maximum unitweight may not be well defined, and can be less than obtainedusing Test Methods D4253.1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.1.6
18、.1 For purposes of comparing measured or calculatedvalue(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculatedvalue(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significantdigits in the specified limits.1.6.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this stand
19、ard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives;
20、 and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof this standard to consider significant digits used in analyticalmethods for engineering design.1.7 The values in inch-pound units are to be regarde
21、d as thestandard. The values stated in SI units are provided forinformation only, except for units of mass. The units for massare given in SI units only, g or kg.1.7.1 It is common practice in the engineering profession toconcurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm)and a force (lbf
22、). This implicitly combines two separatesystems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravita-tional system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the useof two separate sets of inch-pound units within a singlestandard. This standard has been written using the gravitationalsystem of u
23、nits when dealing with the inch-pound system. Inthis system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight).However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds ofmass (lbm) or the recording of density in lbm/ft3shall not beregarded as a nonconformance with this standard.1.8 This standard do
24、es not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Sta
25、ndards:3C127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregatesD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byWater Pycnom
26、eterD2168 Practices for Calibration of Laboratory Mechanical-Rammer Soil CompactorsD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice
27、for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibr
28、atory TableD4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and WaterContent for Soils Containing Oversize ParticlesD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD4914 Test Methods for Density and Unit Weight o
29、f Soiland Rock in Place by the Sand Replacement Method in aTest PitD5030 Test Method for Density of Soil and Rock in Place bythe Water Replacement Method in a Test PitD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataD6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Grada-tion) of Soil
30、s Using Sieve AnalysisE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodIEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the Inter
31、nationalSystem of Units (SI): the Modern Metric System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 See Terminology D653 for general definitions.3.1.2 molding water content, nthe adjusted water contentof a soil (material) that will be compacted/reconstituted.3.1.3 standard effortin compaction testing, the ter
32、m forthe 12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600 kN-m/m3) compactive effort appliedby the equipment and methods of this test.3.1.4 standard maximum dry unit weight, d,maxin lbf/ft3(kN/m3)in compaction testing, the maximum value de-fined by the compaction curve for a compaction test usingstandard effort.3.1.5 standard
33、 optimum water content, woptin %in com-paction testing, the molding water content at which a soil canbe compacted to the maximum dry unit weight using standardcompactive effort.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 oversize fraction (coarse fraction), PCin %the por-tion of total s
34、pecimen not used in performing the compaction3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D698 1212test; i
35、t may be the portion of total specimen retained on the No.4 (4.75-mm) sieve in Method A,38-in. (9.5-mm) sieve inMethod B, or34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve in Method C.3.2.2 test fraction (finer fraction), PFin %the portion ofthe total specimen used in performing the compaction test; it isthe fraction passin
36、g the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve in Method A,passing the38-in. (9.5-mm) sieve in Method B, or passing the34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve in Method C.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A soil at a selected molding water content is placed inthree layers into a mold of given dimensions, with each layercompacted by 25 or 5
37、6 blows of a 5.50-lbf (24.47-N) rammerdropped from a distance of 12.00 in. (304.8 mm), subjectingthe soil to a total compactive effort of about 12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600 kN-m/m3). The resulting dry unit weight is deter-mined. The procedure is repeated for a sufficient number ofmolding water contents to
38、establish a relationship between thedry unit weight and the molding water content for the soil. Thisdata, when plotted, represents a curvilinear relationship knownas the compaction curve. The values of optimum water contentand standard maximum dry unit weight are determined fromthe compaction curve.
39、5. Significance and Use5.1 Soil placed as engineering fill (embankments, founda-tion pads, road bases) is compacted to a dense state to obtainsatisfactory engineering properties such as, shear strength,compressibility, or permeability. In addition, foundation soilsare often compacted to improve thei
40、r engineering properties.Laboratory compaction tests provide the basis for determiningthe percent compaction and molding water content needed toachieve the required engineering properties, and for controllingconstruction to assure that the required compaction and watercontents are achieved.5.2 Durin
41、g design of an engineered fill, shear, consolidation,permeability, or other tests require preparation of test speci-mens by compacting at some molding water content to someunit weight. It is common practice to first determine theoptimum water content (wopt) and maximum dry unit weight(d,max) by mean
42、s of a compaction test. Test specimens arecompacted at a selected molding water content (w), either wetor dry of optimum (wopt) or at optimum (wopt), and at a selecteddry unit weight related to a percentage of maximum dry unitweight (d,max). The selection of molding water content (w),either wet or d
43、ry of optimum (wopt) or at optimum (wopt) andthe dry unit weight (d,max) may be based on past experience,or a range of values may be investigated to determine thenecessary percent of compaction.5.3 Experience indicates that the methods outlined in 5.2 orthe construction control aspects discussed in
44、5.1 are extremelydifficult to implement or yield erroneous results when dealingwith certain soils. 5.3.1 5.3.3 describe typical problem soils,the problems encountered when dealing with such soils andpossible solutions for these problems.5.3.1 Oversize FractionSoils containing more than 30 %oversize
45、fraction (material retained on the34-in. (19-mm)sieve) are a problem. For such soils, there is no ASTM testmethod to control their compaction and very few laboratoriesare equipped to determine the laboratory maximum unit weight(density) of such soils (USDI Bureau of Reclamation, Denver,CO and U.S. A
46、rmy Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS).Although Test Methods D4914 and D5030 determine the“field” dry unit weight of such soils, they are difficult andexpensive to perform.5.3.1.1 One method to design and control the compaction ofsuch soils is to use a test fill to determine the required degreeof co
47、mpaction and the method to obtain that compaction,followed by use of a method specification to control thecompaction. Components of a method specification typicallycontain the type and size of compaction equipment to be used,the lift thickness, acceptable range in molding water content,and the numbe
48、r of passes.NOTE 3Success in executing the compaction control of an earthworkproject, especially when a method specification is used, is highlydependent upon the quality and experience of the contractor and inspector.5.3.1.2 Another method is to apply the use of densitycorrection factors developed b
49、y the USDI Bureau of Reclama-tion (2, 3) and U.S. Corps of Engineers (4). These correctionfactors may be applied for soils containing up to about 50 to70 % oversize fraction. Each agency uses a different term forthese density correction factors. The USDI Bureau of Recla-mation uses D ratio (or DVALUE), while the U.S. Corps ofEngineers uses Density Interference Coefficient (Ic).5.3.1.3 The use of the replacement technique (Test MethodD69878, Method D), in which the oversize fraction isreplaced with a finer fraction, is inappropri
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