1、Designation: D8 16aStandard Terminology Relating toMaterials for Roads and Pavements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par
2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard incorporates generic terms and genericdefinitions of terms specifically associated with road andpaving materials. These generic terms
3、and definitions are usedwithin the standards developed by Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials.1.2 Only terms that appear in more than one standard underthe jurisdiction of Committee D04 will be included in Termi-nology D8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4124 Test Method for Separat
4、ion of Asphalt into FourFractionsD4552 Practice for Classifying Hot-Mix Recycling AgentsD5505 Practice for Classifying Emulsified RecyclingAgents3. Terminologyaggregate, na granular material of mineral composition suchas sand, gravel, shell, slag, or crushed stone, used with acementing medium to for
5、m mortars or concrete, or alone asin base courses, railroad ballasts, etc.air voids (Va), nthe volume of air between the asphalt-coated aggregate particles throughout a compacted asphaltmix, expressed as a percent of the total volume of thesample.anionic emulsion, na type of emulsion such that a par
6、ticularemulsifying agent establishes a predominance of negativecharges on the discontinuous phase.asphalt, nA dark brown to black cement-like residuumobtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.DISCUSSIONThe distillation processes may involve one or more ofthe following: atmospheric distil
7、lation, vacuum distillation, steamdistillation. Further processing of distillation residuum may be neededto yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commer-cial applications. These additional processes can involve air oxidation,solvent stripping or blending of residua of different
8、 stiffness character-istics. In Europe asphalt is called bitumen.asphalt binder, nasphalt which may or may not contain anasphalt modifier (see asphalt modifier).DISCUSSIONthis term is often used in the Performance GradedBinder system.asphalt cement, nSee asphaltasphalt concrete, nSee asphalt mix.asp
9、halt mix (asphalt mixture), na mixture of asphaltbinder, emulsified asphalt, or cutback asphalt and aggre-gates. The mixture may also include other materials.asphalt pavement, na structure consisting of one or moreprepared layers of asphalt mix atop one or more supportinglayers of unbound, modified,
10、 or treated subgrade, subbase orbase materialsasphalt-rubber, na blend of asphalt cement, reclaimed tirerubber, and certain additives in which the rubber componentis at least 15 % by weight of the total blend and has reactedin the hot asphalt cement sufficiently to cause swelling of therubber partic
11、les.asphaltenes, ninsoluble materials that are precipitated byuse of selected solvents, such as n-heptane.DISCUSSIONThe asphaltene fraction should be identified by thesolvent and solvent-asphalt ratio used.bank gravel, ngravel found in natural deposits, usually moreor less intermixed with fine mater
12、ial, such as sand or clay, orcombinations thereof; gravelly clay, gravelly sand, clayeygravel, and sandy gravel indicate the varying proportions ofthe materials in the mixture.bitumen, ndark brown to black cement-like residuum ob-tained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.DISCUSSIONThe dist
13、illation processes may involve one or more ofthe following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steamdistillation. Further processing of distillation residuum may be neededto yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commer-cial applications. These additional processes c
14、an involve air oxidation,1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.91 onTerminology.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2016. Published October 2016. Originallyapproved in 1912. Last previous edit
15、ion approved in 2016 as D8 16. DOI:10.1520/D0008-16A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyrigh
16、t ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness character-istics. In North America bitumen is called asphalt.bituminous, adjcontaining or treated with bitumen (alsobituminized).D
17、ISCUSSIONExamples: bituminous concrete, bituminized felts andfabrics, bituminous pavement.bituminous emulsion, n(1) a suspension of minute globulesof bituminous material in water or in an aqueous solution,(2) a suspension of minute globules of water or of anaqueous solution in a liquid bituminous ma
18、terial.blast-furnace slag, nthe nonmetallic product, consistingessentially of silicates and alumino-silicates of lime and ofother bases, that is developed simultaneously with iron in ablast furnace.cationic emulsion, na type of emulsion such that a particularemulsifying agent establishes a predomina
19、nce of positivecharges on the discontinuous phase.clinker, ngenerally a fused or partly fused by-product of thecombustion of coal, but also including lava and portland-cement clinker, and partly vitrified slag and brick.coal tar, na dark brown to black cementitious materialproduced by the destructiv
20、e distillation of bituminous coal.coarse aggregate, n(1) aggregate predominantly retained onthe 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve: or (2) that portion of anaggregate retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe definitions are alternatives to be applied underdiffering circumstances. Definition (1) is app
21、lied to an entire aggregateeither in a natural condition or after processing. Definition (2) is appliedto a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and gradingshould be stated in the specification.coke-oven tar, ncoal tar produced in by-product coke ovensin the manufacture of coke from
22、bituminous coal.crack filler, nbituminous material used to fill and seal cracksin existing pavements.crusher-run, nthe total unscreened product of a stonecrusher.cutback asphalt, npetroleum residuum (asphalt) which hasbeen blended with petroleum distillates.DISCUSSIONSlow-curing materials may be mad
23、e directly by distil-lation and are often referred to as road oils.dense-graded aggregate, nan aggregate that has a particlesize distribution such that when it is compacted, the resultingvoids between the aggregate particles, expressed as a per-centage of the total space occupied by the material, ar
24、erelatively small.dust binder, na light application of bituminous material forthe express purpose of laying and bonding loose dust.fine aggregate, n(1) aggregate passing the38-in. (9.5-mm)sieve and almost entirely passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieveand predominantly retained on the 75-m (No. 200) siev
25、e: or(2) that portion of an aggregate passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4)sieve and retained on the 75-m (No. 200) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe definitions are alternatives to be applied underdiffering circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregateeither in a natural condition or after processing. De
26、finition (2) is appliedto a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and gradingshould be stated in the specifications.fog seal, na light application of bituminous material to anexisting pavement as a seal to inhibit raveling, or to seal thesurface, or both. Medium and slow-setting bitum
27、inous emul-sions are usually used and may be diluted with water.fractured face, nan angular, rough, or broken surface of anaggregate particle created by crushing, by other artificialmeans, or by nature.“free-carbon” in tars, nthe hydrocarbon fraction that isprecipitated from a tar by dilution with c
28、arbon disulfide orbenzene.gas-house coal tar, ncoal tar produced in gas-house retortsin the manufacture of illuminating gas from bituminous coal.macadam, dry-bound and water bound, na pavementlayer containing essentially one-size coarse aggregatechoked in place with an application of screenings or s
29、and;water is applied to the choke material for water-boundmacadam. Multiple layers must be used.maintenance mix, na mixture of bituminous material andmineral aggregate applied at ambient temperature for use inpatching holes, depressions, and distress areas in existingpavements using appropriate hand
30、 or mechanical methods inplacing and compacting the mix. These mixes may bedesigned for immediate use or for use out of a stockpile at alater time without further processing.maltenes, na red-brown to black heavy oil material remain-ing after precipitation of asphaltenes from asphalt binderwith selec
31、ted solvents.maximum size (of aggregate), nin specifications for, ordescriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening throughwhich the entire amount of aggregate is required to pass.mesh, nthe square opening of a sieve.mixed-in-place (road mix), na bituminous surface or basecourse produced by mi
32、xing mineral aggregate and cut-backasphalt, bituminous emulsion, or tar at the job-site by meansof travel plants, motor graders, drags, or special road-mixingequipment. Open or dense-graded aggregates, sand, andsandy soil may be used.mulch treatment, na spray application of bituminous mate-rial used
33、 to temporarily stabilize a recently seeded area. Thebituminous material can be applied to the soil or to straw orhay mulch as a tie-down, also.native asphalt, nasphalt occurring as such in nature.nominal maximum size (of aggregate), nin specificationsfor, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest
34、sieve openingthrough which the entire amount of the aggregate is permit-ted to pass.D8 16a2DISCUSSIONSpecifications on aggregates usually stipulate a sieveopening through which all of the aggregate may, but need not, pass sothat a stated maximum proportion of the aggregate may be retained onthat sie
35、ve. A sieve opening so designated is the nominal maximum size.normal temperature, nas applied to laboratory observationsof the physical characteristics of bituminous materials, 25C(77F).oil-gas tars, ntars produced by cracking oil vapors at hightemperatures in the manufacture of oil gas.penetration,
36、 nthe consistency of a bituminous materialexpressed as the distance in tenths of a millimetre (0.1 mm)that a standard needle penetrates vertically a sample of thematerial under specified conditions of loading, time, andtemperature.penetration macadam, na pavement layer containing essen-tially one-si
37、ze coarse aggregate, penetrated in place by aheavy application of bituminous material, followed by anapplication of a smaller size coarse aggregate, and com-pacted. Multiple layers containing still smaller coarse aggre-gate may be used.pitches, nblack or dark-brown solid cementitious materialswhich
38、gradually liquefy when heated and which are obtainedas residua in the partial evaporation or fractional distillationof tar.plant mix, cold-laid, na mixture of cut-back asphalt, bitu-minous emulsion, or tar and mineral aggregate prepared in acentral bituminous mixing plant and spread and compactedat
39、the job-site when the mixture is at or near ambienttemperature.plant mix, hot-laid bituminous emulsion mixtures, namixture of emulsion and heated mineral aggregate usuallyprepared in a conventional asphalt plant or drum mixer andspread and compacted at the job site at a temperature aboveambient.prim
40、e coat, nan application of a low-viscosity bituminousmaterial to an absorptive surface, designed to penetrate,bond, and stabilize this existing surface and to promoteadhesion between it and the construction course that follows.reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), nasphalt pavement orpaving mixture remo
41、ved from its original location for use inrecycled asphalt paving mixture.recycled asphalt paving mixture, na mixture of reclaimedasphalt pavement with the inclusion, if required, of asphaltcement, emulsified asphalt, cut-back asphalt, recyclingagent, mineral aggregate, and mineral filler.recycling a
42、gent (RA), na blend of hydrocarbons with orwithout minor amounts of other materials that is used to alteror improve the properties of the aged asphalt in a recycledasphalt paving mixture.refined tar, ntar freed from water by evaporation or distil-lation which is continued until the residue is of des
43、iredconsistency; or a product produced by fluxing tar residuumwith tar distillate.rock asphaltsee asphalt rock.rubble, nrough stones of irregular shapes and sizes, brokenfrom larger masses either naturally or artificially, as bygeological action, in quarrying, or in stone cutting orblasting.saturate
44、s, nmaterial that, on percolation in a n-heptaneeluant, is not adsorbed under the specified test conditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D4124 and Practices D4552 andD5505.screen, nin laboratory work an apparatus, in which theapertures are circular, for separating sizes of material.screenings, na resid
45、ual product resulting from the artificialcrushing of rock, boulders, cobble, gravel, blast-furnace slagor hydraulic cement concrete, all of which passed thesmallest screen used with the crushing operation and most ofwhich passed the 2.36-mm (No. 8) sieve.sieve, nin laboratory work an apparatus, in w
46、hich theapertures are square, for separating sizes of material.slurry seal, nan application of a fluid mixture of bituminousemulsion, fine aggregate, mineral filler, and water to anexisting pavement. Single or multiple applications may beused.soil aggregate, nnatural or prepared mixtures consistingp
47、redominantly of stone, gravel, or sand which contain asignificant amount of minus 75-m (No. 200) silt-claymaterial.steel slag, nthe nonmetallic product consisting essentially ofcalcium silicates and ferrites combined with fused oxides ofiron, aluminum, manganese, calcium and magnesium, that isdevelo
48、ped simultaneously with steel in basic oxygen,electric, or open hearth furnaces.Relating Specifically to Testsstone chips, nsmall angular fragments of stone containing nodust.straight-run pitch, na pitch run to the consistency desired inthe initial process of distillation and without subsequentfluxi
49、ng.surface treatment, nan application of bituminous materialfollowed by a layer of mineral aggregate. Multiple applica-tions of bituminous material and mineral aggregate may beused.tack coat (bond coat), nan application of bituminousmaterial to an existing relatively nonabsorptive surface toprovide a thorough bond between old and new surfacing.tar, nbrown or black bituminous material, liquid or semisolidin consistency, in which the predominating constituents arebitumens obtained as condensates in the
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