1、Designation: D8 16aD8 16bStandard Terminology Relating toMaterials for Roads and Pavements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard incorporates generic terms and generic definitions of terms specifically associated with road and pavingmaterials. These generic ter
3、ms and definitions are used within the standards developed by Committee D04 on Road and PavingMaterials.1.2 Only terms that appear in more than one standard under the jurisdiction of Committee D04 will be included in TerminologyD8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4124 Test Method for Sepa
4、ration of Asphalt into Four FractionsD4552 Practice for Classifying Hot-Mix Recycling AgentsD5505 Practice for Classifying Emulsified Recycling Agents3. Terminologyaggregate, na granular material of mineral composition such as sand, gravel, shell, slag, or crushed stone, used with a cementingmedium
5、to form mortars or concrete, or alone as in base courses, railroad ballasts, etc.air voids (Va), nthe volume of air between the asphalt-coated aggregate particles throughout a compacted asphalt mix, expressedas a percent of the total volume of the sample.anionic emulsion, na type of emulsion such th
6、at a particular emulsifying agent establishes a predominance of negative chargeson the discontinuous phase.asphalt, nA dark brown to black cement-like residuum obtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.DISCUSSIONThe distillation processes may involve one or more of the following: atmosph
7、eric distillation, vacuum distillation, steam distillation. Further processingof distillation residuum may be needed to yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commercial applications. These additionalprocesses can involve air oxidation, solvent stripping or blending of residua o
8、f different stiffness characteristics. In Europe asphalt is called bitumen.asphalt binder, nasphalt which may or may not contain an asphalt modifier (see asphalt modifier).DISCUSSIONthis term is often used in the Performance Graded Binder system.asphalt cement, nSee asphaltasphalt concrete, nSee asp
9、halt mix.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.91 onTerminology.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2016Dec. 1, 2016. Published October 2016January 2017. Originally approved in 1912. Last pr
10、evious edition approved in 2016 asD8 16.D8 16a. DOI: 10.1520/D0008-16A.10.1520/D0008-16B.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summa
11、ry page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends
12、that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1asphalt mix (asphalt
13、 mixture), na mixture of asphalt binder, emulsified asphalt, or cutback asphalt and aggregates. The mixturemay also include other materials.asphalt pavement, na structure consisting of one or more prepared layers of asphalt mix atop one or more supporting layersof unbound, modified, or treated subgr
14、ade, subbase or base materialsmaterials.asphalt-rubber, na blend of asphalt cement, reclaimed tire rubber, and certain additives in which the rubber component is atleast 15 % by weight of the total blend and has reacted in the hot asphalt cement sufficiently to cause swelling of the rubberparticles.
15、asphaltenes, ninsoluble materials that are precipitated by use of selected solvents, such as n-heptane.n-heptane.DISCUSSIONThe asphaltene fraction should be identified by the solvent and solvent-asphalt ratio used.bank gravel, ngravel found in natural deposits, usually more or less intermixed with f
16、ine material, such as sand or clay, orcombinations thereof; gravelly clay, gravelly sand, clayey gravel, and sandy gravel indicate the varying proportions of thematerials in the mixture.bitumen, ndark brown to black cement-like residuum obtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.DISCUSSIO
17、NThe distillation processes may involve one or more of the following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steam distillation. Further processingof distillation residuum may be needed to yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commercial applications. These additionalpr
18、ocesses can involve air oxidation, solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness characteristics. In North America bitumen is calledasphalt.bituminous, adjcontaining or treated with bitumen (also bituminized).DISCUSSIONExamples: bituminous concrete, bituminized felts and fabrics, b
19、ituminous pavement.bituminous emulsion, n(1) a suspension of minute globules of bituminous material in water or in an aqueous solution,(2) a suspension of minute globules of water or of an aqueous solution in a liquid bituminous material.blast-furnace slag, nthe nonmetallic product, consisting essen
20、tially of silicates and alumino-silicates of lime and of other bases,that is developed simultaneously with iron in a blast furnace.cationic emulsion, na type of emulsion such that a particular emulsifying agent establishes a predominance of positive chargeson the discontinuous phase.clinker, ngenera
21、lly a fused or partly fused by-product of the combustion of coal, but also including lava and portland-cementclinker, and partly vitrified slag and brick.coal tar, na dark brown to black cementitious material produced by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal.coarse aggregate, n(1) aggregat
22、e predominantly retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve: or (2) thatthe portion of an aggregateretained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe definitions are alternatives to be applied under differing circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate either in a natural conditionor
23、after processing. Definition (2) is applied to a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and grading should be stated in the specification.Some specifying agencies use alternative sieve sizes to define coarse aggregate, such as the No. 8 and 38 in.coke-oven tar, ncoal tar produced in by
24、-product coke ovens in the manufacture of coke from bituminous coal.crack filler, nbituminous material used to fill and seal cracks in existing pavements.crusher-run, nthe total unscreened product of a stone crusher.cutback asphalt, npetroleum residuum (asphalt) which has been blended with petroleum
25、 distillates.D8 16b2DISCUSSIONSlow-curing materials may be made directly by distillation and are often referred to as road oils.dense-graded aggregate, nan aggregate that has a particle size distribution such that when it is compacted, the resulting voidsbetween the aggregate particles, expressed as
26、 a percentage of the total space occupied by the material, are relatively small.dust binder, na light application of bituminous material for the express purpose of laying and bonding loose dust.fine aggregate, n(1) aggregate passing the 38-in. (9.5-mm) sieve and almost entirely passing the 4.75-mm (
27、No. 4) sieve andpredominantly retained on the 75-m (No. 200) sieve: or (2) that portion of an aggregate passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve andretained on the 75-m (No. 200) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe definitions are alternatives to be applied under differing circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an en
28、tire aggregate either in a natural conditionor after processing. Definition (2) is applied to a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and grading should be stated in the specifications.fog seal, na light application of bituminous material to an existing pavement as a seal to inhibit r
29、aveling, or to seal the surface,or both. Medium and slow-setting bituminous emulsions are usually used and may be diluted with water.fractured face, nan angular, rough, or broken surface of an aggregate particle created by crushing, by other artificial means, orby nature.“free-carbon” in tars, nthe
30、hydrocarbon fraction that is precipitated from a tar by dilution with carbon disulfide or benzene.gas-house coal tar, ncoal tar produced in gas-house retorts in the manufacture of illuminating gas from bituminous coal.macadam, dry-bound and water bound, na pavement layer containing essentially one-s
31、ize coarse aggregate choked in placewith an application of screenings or sand; water is applied to the choke material for water-bound macadam. Multiple layers mustbe used.maintenance mix, na mixture of bituminous material and mineral aggregate applied at ambient temperature for use in patchingholes,
32、 depressions, and distress areas in existing pavements using appropriate hand or mechanical methods in placing andcompacting the mix. These mixes may be designed for immediate use or for use out of a stockpile at a later time without furtherprocessing.maltenes, na red-brown to black heavy oil materi
33、al remaining after precipitation of asphaltenes from asphalt binder with selectedsolvents.maximum size (of aggregate), nin specifications for, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening through which theentire amount of aggregate is required to pass.mesh, nthe square opening of a sieve
34、.mixed-in-place (road mix), na bituminous surface or base course produced by mixing mineral aggregate and cut-back asphalt,bituminous emulsion, or tar at the job-site by means of travel plants, motor graders, drags, or special road-mixing equipment.Open or dense-graded aggregates, sand, and sandy so
35、il may be used.mulch treatment, na spray application of bituminous material used to temporarily stabilize a recently seeded area. Thebituminous material can be applied to the soil or to straw or hay mulch as a tie-down, also.native asphalt, nasphalt occurring as such in nature.nominal maximum size (
36、of aggregate), nin specifications for, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening throughwhich the entire amount of the aggregate is permitted to pass.DISCUSSIONSpecifications on aggregates usually stipulate a sieve opening through which all of the aggregate may, but need not, pass so
37、that a stated maximumproportion of the aggregate may be retained on that sieve. A sieve opening so designated is the nominal maximum size.normal temperature, nas applied to laboratory observations of the physical characteristics of bituminous materials, 25C(77F).oil-gas tars, ntars produced by crack
38、ing oil vapors at high temperatures in the manufacture of oil gas.D8 16b3penetration, nthe consistency of a bituminous material expressed as the distance in tenths of a millimetre (0.1 mm) that astandard needle penetrates vertically a sample of the material under specified conditions of loading, tim
39、e, and temperature.penetration macadam, na pavement layer containing essentially one-size coarse aggregate, penetrated in place by a heavyapplication of bituminous material, followed by an application of a smaller size coarse aggregate, and compacted. Multiplelayers containing still smaller coarse a
40、ggregate may be used.pitches, nblack or dark-brown solid cementitious materials which gradually liquefy when heated and which are obtained asresidua in the partial evaporation or fractional distillation of tar.plant mix, cold-laid, na mixture of cut-back asphalt, bituminous emulsion, or tar and mine
41、ral aggregate prepared in a centralbituminous mixing plant and spread and compacted at the job-site when the mixture is at or near ambient temperature.plant mix, hot-laid bituminous emulsion mixtures, na mixture of emulsion and heated mineral aggregate usually prepared ina conventional asphalt plant
42、 or drum mixer and spread and compacted at the job site at a temperature above ambient.prime coat, nan application of a low-viscosity bituminous material to an absorptive surface, designed to penetrate, bond, andstabilize this existing surface and to promote adhesion between it and the construction
43、course that follows.reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), nasphalt pavement or paving mixture removed from its original location for use inrecycled asphalt paving mixture.recycled asphalt paving mixture, na mixture of reclaimed asphalt pavement with the inclusion, if required, of asphalt cement,emulsifi
44、ed asphalt, cut-back asphalt, recycling agent, mineral aggregate, and mineral filler.recycling agent (RA), na blend of hydrocarbons with or without minor amounts of other materials that is used to alter orimprove the properties of the aged asphalt in a recycled asphalt paving mixture.refined tar, nt
45、ar freed from water by evaporation or distillation which is continued until the residue is of desired consistency;or a product produced by fluxing tar residuum with tar distillate.rock asphaltsee asphalt rock.rubble, nrough stones of irregular shapes and sizes, broken from larger masses either natur
46、ally or artificially, as by geologicalaction, in quarrying, or in stone cutting or blasting.saturates, nmaterial that, on percolation in a n-heptane eluant, is not adsorbed under the specified test conditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D4124 and Practices D4552 and D5505.screen, nin laboratory work a
47、n apparatus, in which the apertures are circular, for separating sizes of material.screenings, na residual product resulting from the artificial crushing of rock, boulders, cobble, gravel, blast-furnace slag orhydraulic cement concrete, all of which passed the smallest screen used with the crushing
48、operation and most of which passedthe 2.36-mm (No. 8) sieve.sieve, nin laboratory work, an apparatus,apparatus in which the apertures are square,square for separating sizes of material.slurry seal, nan application of a fluid mixture of bituminous emulsion, fine aggregate, mineral filler, and water t
49、o an existingpavement. Single or multiple applications may be used.soil aggregate, nnatural or prepared mixtures consisting predominantly of stone, gravel, or sand which contain a significantamount of minus 75-m (No. 200) silt-clay material.steel slag, nthe nonmetallic product consisting essentially of calcium silicates and ferrites combined with fused oxides of iron,aluminum, manganese, calcium and magnesium, that is developed simultaneously with steel in basic oxygen, electric, or openhearth furna
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