1、Designation: D8 17Standard Terminology Relating toMaterials for Roads and Pavements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard incorporates generic terms and genericdefinitions of terms specifically associated with road andpaving materials. These generic terms a
3、nd definitions are usedwithin the standards developed by Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials.1.2 Only terms that appear in more than one standard underthe jurisdiction of Committee D04 will be included in Termi-nology D8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4124 Test Method for Separati
4、on of Asphalt into FourFractionsD4552 Practice for Classifying Hot-Mix Recycling AgentsD5505 Practice for Classifying Emulsified RecyclingAgents3. Terminologyaggregate, na granular material of mineral composition suchas sand, gravel, shell, slag, or crushed stone, used with acementing medium to form
5、 mortars or concrete, or alone asin base courses, railroad ballasts, etc.air voids (Va), nthe volume of air between the asphalt-coated aggregate particles throughout a compacted asphaltmix, expressed as a percent of the total volume of thesample.anionic emulsion, na type of emulsion such that a part
6、icularemulsifying agent establishes a predominance of negativecharges on the discontinuous phase.asphalt, nA dark brown to black cement-like residuumobtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.DISCUSSIONThe distillation processes may involve one or more ofthe following: atmospheric distill
7、ation, vacuum distillation, steamdistillation. Further processing of distillation residuum may be neededto yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commer-cial applications. These additional processes can involve air oxidation,solvent stripping or blending of residua of different
8、stiffness character-istics. In Europe asphalt is called bitumen.asphalt binder, nasphalt which may or may not contain anasphalt modifier (see asphalt modifier).DISCUSSIONthis term is often used in the Performance GradedBinder system.asphalt cement, nSee asphaltasphalt concrete, nSee asphalt mix.asph
9、alt mix (asphalt mixture), na mixture of asphaltbinder, emulsified asphalt, or cutback asphalt and aggre-gates. The mixture may also include other materials.asphalt pavement, na structure consisting of one or moreprepared layers of asphalt mix atop one or more supportinglayers of unbound, modified,
10、or treated subgrade, subbase orbase materials.asphalt-rubber, na blend of asphalt cement, reclaimed tirerubber, and certain additives in which the rubber componentis at least 15 % by weight of the total blend and has reactedin the hot asphalt cement sufficiently to cause swelling of therubber partic
11、les.asphaltenes, ninsoluble materials that are precipitated byuse of selected solvents, such as n-heptane.DISCUSSIONThe asphaltene fraction should be identified by thesolvent and solvent-asphalt ratio used.bank gravel, ngravel found in natural deposits, usually moreor less intermixed with fine mater
12、ial, such as sand or clay, orcombinations thereof; gravelly clay, gravelly sand, clayeygravel, and sandy gravel indicate the varying proportions ofthe materials in the mixture.bitumen, ndark brown to black cement-like residuum ob-tained from the distillation of suitable crude oils.DISCUSSIONThe dist
13、illation processes may involve one or more ofthe following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steamdistillation. Further processing of distillation residuum may be neededto yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commer-cial applications. These additional processes c
14、an involve air oxidation,1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.91 onTerminology.Current edition approved March 1, 2017. Published March 2017. Originallyapproved in 1912. Last previous edition
15、 approved in 2016 as D8 16b. DOI:10.1520/D0008-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright A
16、STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International St
17、andards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness character-istics. In North America bitumen is called asphalt.bituminous, adjcontaining or treated with bitumen (also
18、bituminized).DISCUSSIONExamples: bituminous concrete, bituminized felts andfabrics, bituminous pavement.bituminous emulsion, n(1) a suspension of minute globulesof bituminous material in water or in an aqueous solution,(2) a suspension of minute globules of water or of anaqueous solution in a liquid
19、 bituminous material.blast-furnace slag, nthe nonmetallic product, consistingessentially of silicates and alumino-silicates of lime and ofother bases, that is developed simultaneously with iron in ablast furnace.bulk density, nthe ratio of the mass of a material to thevolume it occupies.DISCUSSIONAn
20、other common phrase for this term is unit weight.cationic emulsion, na type of emulsion such that a particularemulsifying agent establishes a predominance of positivecharges on the discontinuous phase.clinker, ngenerally a fused or partly fused by-product of thecombustion of coal, but also including
21、 lava and portland-cement clinker, and partly vitrified slag and brick.coal tar, na dark brown to black cementitious materialproduced by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal.coarse aggregate, n(1) aggregate predominantly retained onthe 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve: or (2) the portion of aggregat
22、eretained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe definitions are alternatives to be applied underdiffering circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregateeither in a natural condition or after processing. Definition (2) is appliedto a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for pro
23、perties and gradingshould be stated in the specification. Some specifying agencies usealternative sieve sizes to define coarse aggregate, such as the No. 8 and38 in.coke-oven tar, ncoal tar produced in by-product coke ovensin the manufacture of coke from bituminous coal.crack filler, nbituminous mat
24、erial used to fill and seal cracksin existing pavements.crusher-run, nthe total unscreened product of a stonecrusher.cutback asphalt, npetroleum residuum (asphalt) which hasbeen blended with petroleum distillates.DISCUSSIONSlow-curing materials may be made directly by distil-lation and are often ref
25、erred to as road oils.dense-graded aggregate, nan aggregate that has a particlesize distribution such that when it is compacted, the resultingvoids between the aggregate particles, expressed as a per-centage of the total space occupied by the material, arerelatively small.dust binder, na light appli
26、cation of bituminous material forthe express purpose of laying and bonding loose dust.fine aggregate, n(1) aggregate passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4)sieve or (2) the portion of aggregate passing the 4.75-mm(No. 4) sieve.DISCUSSIONThe definitions are alternatives to be applied underdiffering circumstances
27、. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregateeither in a natural condition or after processing. Definition (2) is appliedto a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and gradingshould be stated in the specifications. Some specifying agencies usealternative sieve sizes to define fin
28、e aggregate, such as the 2.36-mm(No. 8) and 9.50-mm (38-in.) sieve.fog seal, na light application of bituminous material to anexisting pavement as a seal to inhibit raveling, or to seal thesurface, or both. Medium and slow-setting bituminous emul-sions are usually used and may be diluted with water.
29、fractured face, nan angular, rough, or broken surface of anaggregate particle created by crushing, by other artificialmeans, or by nature.“free-carbon” in tars, nthe hydrocarbon fraction that isprecipitated from a tar by dilution with carbon disulfide orbenzene.gas-house coal tar, ncoal tar produced
30、 in gas-house retortsin the manufacture of illuminating gas from bituminous coal.macadam, dry-bound and water bound, na pavementlayer containing essentially one-size coarse aggregatechoked in place with an application of screenings or sand;water is applied to the choke material for water-boundmacada
31、m. Multiple layers must be used.maintenance mix, na mixture of bituminous material andmineral aggregate applied at ambient temperature for use inpatching holes, depressions, and distress areas in existingpavements using appropriate hand or mechanical methods inplacing and compacting the mix. These m
32、ixes may bedesigned for immediate use or for use out of a stockpile at alater time without further processing.maltenes, na red-brown to black heavy oil material remain-ing after precipitation of asphaltenes from asphalt binderwith selected solvents.maximum size (of aggregate), nin specifications for
33、, ordescriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening throughwhich the entire amount of aggregate is required to pass.mesh, nthe square opening of a sieve.mixed-in-place (road mix), na bituminous surface or basecourse produced by mixing mineral aggregate and cut-backasphalt, bituminous emulsion,
34、 or tar at the job-site by meansof travel plants, motor graders, drags, or special road-mixingequipment. Open or dense-graded aggregates, sand, andsandy soil may be used.mulch treatment, na spray application of bituminous mate-rial used to temporarily stabilize a recently seeded area. Thebituminous
35、material can be applied to the soil or to straw orhay mulch as a tie-down, also.native asphalt, nasphalt occurring as such in nature.D8172nominal maximum size (of aggregate), nin specificationsfor, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve openingthrough which the entire amount of the aggrega
36、te is permit-ted to pass.DISCUSSIONSpecifications on aggregates usually stipulate a sieveopening through which all of the aggregate may, but need not, pass sothat a stated maximum proportion of the aggregate may be retained onthat sieve. A sieve opening so designated is the nominal maximum size.norm
37、al temperature, nas applied to laboratory observationsof the physical characteristics of bituminous materials, 25C(77F).oil-gas tars, ntars produced by cracking oil vapors at hightemperatures in the manufacture of oil gas.penetration, nthe consistency of a bituminous materialexpressed as the distanc
38、e in tenths of a millimetre (0.1 mm)that a standard needle penetrates vertically a sample of thematerial under specified conditions of loading, time, andtemperature.penetration macadam, na pavement layer containing essen-tially one-size coarse aggregate, penetrated in place by aheavy application of
39、bituminous material, followed by anapplication of a smaller size coarse aggregate, and com-pacted. Multiple layers containing still smaller coarse aggre-gate may be used.pitches, nblack or dark-brown solid cementitious materialswhich gradually liquefy when heated and which are obtainedas residua in
40、the partial evaporation or fractional distillationof tar.plant mix, cold-laid, na mixture of cut-back asphalt, bitu-minous emulsion, or tar and mineral aggregate prepared in acentral bituminous mixing plant and spread and compactedat the job-site when the mixture is at or near ambienttemperature.pla
41、nt mix, hot-laid bituminous emulsion mixtures, namixture of emulsion and heated mineral aggregate usuallyprepared in a conventional asphalt plant or drum mixer andspread and compacted at the job site at a temperature aboveambient.prime coat, nan application of a low-viscosity bituminousmaterial to a
42、n absorptive surface, designed to penetrate,bond, and stabilize this existing surface and to promoteadhesion between it and the construction course that follows.reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), nasphalt pavement orpaving mixture removed from its original location for use inrecycled asphalt paving m
43、ixture.recycled asphalt paving mixture, na mixture of reclaimedasphalt pavement with the inclusion, if required, of asphaltcement, emulsified asphalt, cut-back asphalt, recyclingagent, mineral aggregate, and mineral filler.recycling agent (RA), na blend of hydrocarbons with orwithout minor amounts o
44、f other materials that is used to alteror improve the properties of the aged asphalt in a recycledasphalt paving mixture.refined tar, ntar freed from water by evaporation or distil-lation which is continued until the residue is of desiredconsistency; or a product produced by fluxing tar residuumwith
45、 tar distillate.rock asphaltsee asphalt rock.rubble, nrough stones of irregular shapes and sizes, brokenfrom larger masses either naturally or artificially, as bygeological action, in quarrying, or in stone cutting orblasting.saturates, nmaterial that, on percolation in a n-heptaneeluant, is not ads
46、orbed under the specified test conditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D4124 and Practices D4552 andD5505.screen, nin laboratory work an apparatus, in which theapertures are circular, for separating sizes of material.screenings, na residual product resulting from the artificialcrushing of rock, boulder
47、s, cobble, gravel, blast-furnace slagor hydraulic cement concrete, all of which passed thesmallest screen used with the crushing operation and most ofwhich passed the 2.36-mm (No. 8) sieve.sieve, nin laboratory work, an apparatus in which theapertures are square for separating sizes of material.slur
48、ry seal, nan application of a fluid mixture of bituminousemulsion, fine aggregate, mineral filler, and water to anexisting pavement. Single or multiple applications may beused.soil aggregate, nnatural or prepared mixtures consistingpredominantly of stone, gravel, or sand which contain asignificant a
49、mount of minus 75-m (No. 200) silt-claymaterial.steel slag, nthe nonmetallic product consisting essentially ofcalcium silicates and ferrites combined with fused oxides ofiron, aluminum, manganese, calcium and magnesium, that isdeveloped simultaneously with steel in basic oxygen,electric, or open hearth furnaces.Relating Specifically to Testsstone chips, nsmall angular fragments of stone containing nodust.straight-run pitch, na pitch run to the consistency desired inthe initial process of distillation and
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