ASTM D854-2006e1 Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer.pdf

1、Designation: D854 061Standard Test Methods forSpecific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D854; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.

2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTEThe equation in Footnote B in Table 1 was corrected editori

3、ally in April 2006.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the determination of thespecific gravity of soil solids that pass the 4.75-mm (No. 4)sieve, by means of a water pycnometer. When the soil containsparticles larger than the 4.75-mm sieve, Test Method C127shall be used for the soil solids retain

4、ed on the 4.75-mm sieveand these test methods shall be used for the soil solids passingthe 4.75-mm sieve.1.1.1 Soil solids for these test methods do not include solidswhich can be altered by these methods, contaminated with asubstance that prohibits the use of these methods, or are highlyorganic soi

5、l solids, such as fibrous matter which floats in water.NOTE 1The use of Test Method D5550 may be used to determine thespecific gravity of soil solids having solids which readily dissolve in wateror float in water, or where it is impracticable to use water.1.2 Two methods for performing the specific

6、gravity areprovided. The method to be used shall be specified by therequesting authority, except when testing the types of soilslisted in 1.2.11.2.1 Method AProcedure for Moist Specimens, describedin 9.2. This procedure is the preferred method. For organicsoils; highly plastic, fine grained soils; t

7、ropical soils; and soilscontaining halloysite, Method A shall be used.1.2.2 Method BProcedure for Oven-Dry Specimens, de-scribed in 9.3.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026.1.3.1 The procedures used to

8、specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as theindustry standard. In addition, they are representative of thesignificant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-dures used do not consider material variation, purpose forobtaining the data, speci

9、al purpose studies, or any consider-ations for the users objectives; and it is common practice toincrease or reduce significant digits of reported data to becommensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scopeof these test methods to consider significant digits used inanalysis methods for

10、engineering design.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regardedas standard. The units of measurement in the parentheses arefor informational purposes only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of

11、 the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateD653

12、 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements

13、for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andConstruction Materials TestingD5550 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Soli

14、ds byGas PycnometerD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves1This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plastic

15、ityand Density Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2006. Published February 2006. Originallyapproved in 1945. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D854 05. DOI:10.1520/D0854-06E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custome

16、r Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright. ASTM International. 100 Barr Harbour Drive, PO box C-700 West Conshohocken,

17、 Pennsylvania 19428-2959, United StatesCopyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Sun Mar 7 20:49:12 EST 2010Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Pract

18、ice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in these testmethods, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 specific gravity of soil solids, Gs, nthe ratio of

19、 themass of a unit volume of a soil solids to the mass of the samevolume of gas-free distilled water at 20C.4. Significance and Use4.1 The specific gravity of a soil solids is used in calculatingthe phase relationships of soils, such as void ratio and degreeof saturation.4.1.1 The specific gravity o

20、f soil solids is used to calculatethe density of the soil solids. This is done by multiplying itsspecific gravity by the density of water (at proper temperature).4.2 The term soil solids is typically assumed to meannaturally occurring mineral particles or soil like particles thatare not readily solu

21、ble in water. Therefore, the specific gravityof soil solids containing extraneous matter, such as cement,TABLE 1 Density of Water and Temperature Coefficient (K) for Various TemperaturesA,BTemperature(C)Density(g/mL)CTemperatureCoefficient(K)Temperature(C)Density(g/mL)CTemperatureCoefficient(K)Tempe

22、rature(C)Density(g/mL)CTemperatureCoefficient(K)Temperature(C)Density(g/mL)CTemperatureCoefficient(K)15.0 0.99910 1.00090 16.0 0.99895 1.00074 17.0 0.99878 1.00057 18.0 0.99860 1.00039.1 0.99909 1.00088 .1 0.99893 1.00072 .1 0.99876 1.00055 .1 0.99858 1.00037.2 0.99907 1.00087 .2 0.99891 1.00071 .2

23、0.99874 1.00054 .2 0.99856 1.00035.3 0.99906 1.00085 .3 0.99890 1.00069 .3 0.99872 1.00052 .3 0.99854 1.00034.4 0.99904 1.00084 .4 0.99888 1.00067 .4 0.99871 1.00050 .4 0.99852 1.00032.5 0.99902 1.00082 .5 0.99886 1.00066 .5 0.99869 1.00048 .5 0.99850 1.00030.6 0.99901 1.00080 .6 0.99885 1.00064 .6

24、0.99867 1.00047 .6 0.99848 1.00028.7 0.99899 1.00079 .7 0.99883 1.00062 .7 0.99865 1.00045 .7 0.99847 1.00026.8 0.99898 1.00077 .8 0.99881 1.00061 .8 0.99863 1.00043 .8 0.99845 1.00024.9 0.99896 1.00076 .9 0.99879 1.00059 .9 0.99862 1.00041 .9 0.99843 1.0002219.0 0.99841 1.00020 20.0 0.99821 1.00000

25、 21.0 0.99799 0.99979 22.0 0.99777 0.99957.1 0.99839 1.00018 .1 0.99819 0.99998 .1 0.99797 0.99977 .1 0.99775 0.99954.2 0.99837 1.00016 .2 0.99816 0.99996 .2 0.99795 0.99974 .2 0.99773 0.99952.3 0.99835 1.00014 .3 0.99814 0.99994 .3 0.99793 0.99972 .3 0.99770 0.99950.4 0.99833 1.00012 .4 0.99812 0.9

26、9992 .4 0.99791 0.99970 .4 0.99768 0.99947.5 0.99831 1.00010 .5 0.99810 0.99990 .5 0.99789 0.99968 .5 0.99766 0.99945.6 0.99829 1.00008 .6 0.99808 0.99987 .6 0.99786 0.99966 .6 0.99764 0.99943.7 0.99827 1.00006 .7 0.99806 0.99985 .7 0.99784 0.99963 .7 0.99761 0.99940.8 0.99825 1.00004 .8 0.99804 0.9

27、9983 .8 0.99782 0.99961 .8 0.99759 0.99938.9 0.99823 1.00002 .9 0.99802 0.99981 .9 0.99780 0.99959 .9 0.99756 0.9993623.0 0.99754 0.99933 24.0 0.99730 0.99909 25.0 0.99705 0.99884 26.0 0.99679 0.99858.1 0.99752 0.99931 .1 0.99727 0.99907 .1 0.99702 0.99881 .1 0.99676 0.99855.2 0.99749 0.99929 .2 0.9

28、9725 0.99904 .2 0.99700 0.99879 .2 0.99673 0.99852.3 0.99747 0.99926 .3 0.99723 0.99902 .3 0.99697 0.99876 .3 0.99671 0.99850.4 0.99745 0.99924 .4 0.99720 0.99899 .4 0.99694 0.99874 .4 0.99668 0.99847.5 0.99742 0.99921 .5 0.99717 0.99897 .5 0.99692 0.99871 .5 0.99665 0.99844.6 0.99740 0.99919 .6 0.9

29、9715 0.99894 .6 0.99689 0.99868 .6 0.99663 0.99842.7 0.99737 0.99917 .7 0.99712 0.99892 .7 0.99687 0.99866 .7 0.99660 0.99839.8 0.99735 0.99914 .8 0.99710 0.99889 .8 0.99684 0.99863 .8 0.99657 0.99836.9 0.99732 0.99912 .9 0.99707 0.99887 .9 0.99681 0.99860 .9 0.99654 0.9983327.0 0.99652 0.99831 28.0

30、 0.99624 0.99803 29.0 0.99595 0.99774 30.0 0.99565 0.99744.1 0.99649 0.99828 .1 0.99621 0.99800 .1 0.99592 0.99771 .1 0.99562 0.99741.2 0.99646 0.99825 .2 0.99618 0.99797 .2 0.99589 0.99768 .2 0.99559 0.99738.3 0.99643 0.99822 .3 0.99615 0.99794 .3 0.99586 0.99765 .3 0.99556 0.99735.4 0.99641 0.9982

31、0 .4 0.99612 0.99791 .4 0.99583 0.99762 .4 0.99553 0.99732.5 0.99638 0.99817 .5 0.99609 0.99788 .5 0.99580 0.99759 .5 0.99550 0.99729.6 0.99635 0.99814 .6 0.99607 0.99785 .6 0.99577 0.99756 .6 0.99547 0.99726.7 0.99632 0.99811 .7 0.99604 0.99783 .7 0.99574 0.99753 .7 0.99544 0.99723.8 0.99629 0.9980

32、8 .8 0.99601 0.99780 .8 0.99571 0.99750 .8 0.99541 0.99720.9 0.99627 0.99806 .9 0.99598 0.99777 .9 0.99568 0.99747 .9 0.99538 0.99716AReference: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, David R. Lide, Editor-in-Chief, 74thEdition, 19931994.Brw5 1.00034038 7.77 3 1026! 3 T 4.95 3 1026! 3 T2where:rw= De

33、nsity of water in g/mL,T = the test temperature in C, andK =rw0.9982063CmL = cm3.D854 0612Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Sun Mar 7 20:49:12 EST 2010Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.lime, and the like, water-solubl

34、e matter, such as sodiumchloride, and soils containing matter with a specific gravity lessthan one, typically require special treatment (see Note 1)oraqualified definition of their specific gravity.4.3 The balances, pycnometer sizes, and specimen massesare established to obtain test results with thr

35、ee significantdigits.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by these test methods isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand

36、 objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of these test methodsare cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itselfassure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; PracticeD3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 PycnometerTh

37、e water pycnometer shall be either astoppered flask, stoppered iodine flask, or volumetric flask witha minimum capacity of 250 mL. The volume of the pycnometermust be 2 to 3 times greater than the volume of the soil-watermixture used during the deairing portion of the test.5.1.1 The stoppered flask

38、mechanically sets the volume. Thestoppered iodine flask has a flared collar that allows the stopperto be placed at an angle during thermal equilibration andprevents water from spilling down the sides of the flask whenthe stopper is installed. The wetting the outside of the flask isundesirable becaus

39、e it creates changes in the thermal equilib-rium. When using a stopper flask, make sure that the stopper isproperly labeled to correspond to the flask.5.2 BalanceA balance meeting the requirements of GuideD4753 for a balance of 0.01 g readability. When using the250mLpycnometers, the balance capacity

40、 shall be at least 500g and when using the 500mL pycnometers, the balancecapacity shall be at least 1000 g.5.3 Drying OvenThermostatically controlled oven, ca-pable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 110 6 5Cthroughout the drying chamber. These requirements usuallyrequire the use of a forced-dr

41、aft oven.5.4 ThermometerThermometer capable of measuring thetemperature range within which the test is being performed,readable to the nearest 0.1C and an immersion depth rangingbetween 25 to 80 mm. Full immersion thermometers shall notbe used. Either a general-purpose precision mercury thermom-eter

42、 or a digital thermometer with a 1 to 57C range will meetthis requirement.5.5 DesiccatorA desiccator cabinet or large desiccator jarof suitable size containing silica gel or anhydrous calciumsulfate.NOTE 3It is preferable to use a desiccant that changes color toindicate when it needs reconstitution.

43、5.6 Entrapped Air Removal ApparatusTo remove en-trapped air (deairing process), use one of the following:5.6.1 Hot Plate or Bunsen Burner, capable of maintaining atemperature adequate to boil water.5.6.2 Vacuum System, a vacuum pump or water aspirator,capable of producing a partial vacuum of 100 mm

44、of mercury(Hg) or less absolute pressure.NOTE 4A partial vacuum of 100 mm Hg absolute pressure isapproximately equivalent to a 660 mm (26 in.) Hg reading on vacuumgauge at sea level.5.7 Insulated ContainerA Styrofoam cooler and cover orequivalent container that can hold between three and sixpycnomet

45、ers plus a beaker (or bottle) of deaired water, and athermometer. This is required to maintain a controlled tem-perature environment where changes will be uniform andgradual.5.8 FunnelA non-corrosive smooth surface funnel with astem that extends past the calibration mark on the volumetricflask or st

46、oppered seal on the stoppered flasks. The diameter ofthe stem of the funnel must be large enough that soil solids willeasily pass through.5.9 Pycnometer Filling Tube with Lateral Vents(optional)A device to assist in adding deaired water to thepycnometer without disturbing the soil-water mixture. The

47、device may be fabricated as follows. Pluga6to10-mm (14 to38 in.) diameter plastic tube at one end and cut two small vents(notches) just above the plug. The vents should be perpendicu-lar to the axis of the tube and diametrically opposed. Connecta valve to the other end of the tube and run a line to

48、the valvefrom a supply of deaired water.5.10 Sieve 4.75 mm (No. 4) conforming to the require-ments of Specification E11.5.11 Blender (optional)A blender with mixing bladesbuilt into the base of the mixing container.5.12 Miscellaneous Equipment, such as a computer orcalculator (optional), specimen di

49、shes, and insulated gloves.6. Reagents6.1 Purity of WaterDistilled water is used in this testmethod. This water may be purchased and is readily availableat most grocery stores; hereafter, distilled water will be referredto as water.7. Test Specimen7.1 The test specimen may be moist or oven-dry soil andshall be representative of the soil solids that pass the 4.75-mm(No. 4) sieve in the total sample. Table 2 gives guidelines onrecommended dry soil mass versus soil type and pycnometersize.7.1.1 Two important factors concerning the amoun